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Microbiological, West Nile Virus, and Lyme Disease
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Mosquitoes carrying such arboviruses stay healthy because their immune systems recognize the virions as foreign particles and “chop off” the virus's genetic coding, rendering it inert. Human infection with a mosquito-borne virus occurs when a female mosquito bites someone while its immune system is still in the process of destroying the virus's harmful coding.1 It is not completely known how mosquitoes handle eukaryotic parasites so they can carry them without being harmed. Data have shown that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the mosquito vector's feeding behavior by increasing the frequency of biting in infected mosquitoes, thus increasing the chance of transmitting the parasite.2
Exploiting Arthropod Midgut Components for Development of Interventions against Infectious Diseases
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Oluwafemi Abiodun Adepoju, Bashiru Ibrahim, Emmanuel Oluwadare Balogun
Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. They are hosts to diverse groups of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Gao et al., 2020). Aedes transmit viruses of Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever, and lymphatic filariasis parasite (WHO, 2020a). The Anopheles mosquito transmits the parasites causing malaria and lymphatic filariasis (WHO, 2020a). Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the highest mortality due to malaria especially in children under 5 years and women getting pregnant for the first time (Nikolaeva et al., 2020).
Nanosensor Arrays
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Naumih M. Noah, Peter M. Ndangili
Malaria is an infectious hematologic disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum, a protozoan parasite transmitted through injection of sporozoites into human blood by female Anopheles mosquitoes (Krampa et al. 2020). Other species reported to cause malaria infections in humans are Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale (P. ovalecurtisi and P. ovalewallikeri), and Plasmodium vivax (Jain et al. 2014, Krampa et al. 2020). Malaria infection impacts have attracted global health concerns due to millions of worldwide infections, most of which result in deaths. The burden of malaria is significant in Africa which records nearly 1.2 million deaths from malaria annually (Dutta 2020). Over 90 % of those who die of malaria in Africa are children aged 5 years and below (De Moraes et al. 2018). A key challenge in preventing the spread of malaria is that some patients are asymptomatic. These patients exhibit mild or no clinical symptoms of malarial infection, even when infected, but can transmit the Plasmodium falciparum parasite to other individuals within the population (De Moraes et al. 2018). Besides spreading to the general population, malaria infection in asymptomatic patients mostly goes undetected, untreated, and progresses from early-stage malaria to cerebral malaria (Dutta 2020). To mitigate these high mortality rates and high budgetary demands needed for malaria treatment, research has focused on the development of cost-effective, user-friendly, and reliable methods that can detect early asymptomatic malaria infections. Research has shown that identifying asymptomatic patients and early detection of malaria presents an effective strategy for breaking the transmission cycle, reducing mortality rates and cutting costs involved in treatment of advanced malaria infection (Rabinovich et al. 2017). This is in line with the aim of the World Health Organization (WHO) of eliminating malaria by 2030 (Feachem et al. 2019).
Click synthesis of new 7-chloroquinoline derivatives by using ultrasound irradiation and evaluation of their biological activity
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Asmaa Aboelnaga, Taghreed H. EL-Sayed
Quinolines and their derivatives are present in numerous natural products and have highly antimalaria, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and antihypersensitive activities (1). Few methods have been reported for the preparation of quinolines derivatives such as the Skraup, Doebner von Miller and Combes procedures (2, 3). Malaria is a contagious disease, caused by protozoa parasites from the genus Plasmodium that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most lethal form of malaria (4). Chloroquine was the most effective antimalarial clinically used drug but parasite resistance led to its substitution by artemisinin and its semi-synthetic derivatives (artemether, artesunate) (5, 6). So, new drugs to treat malaria are critically required. Synthesis of molecular hybrids containing different moieties which are representatives of known or putative antimalarial compounds is presently being extensively explored. Recently, the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles by a process known as Cu-mediated click chemistry (7) has been explored to combine different molecules affording new analogs of chloroquine (8), chalcones (9), naphthoquinones (10) several other hybrid antimalarial molecules have been synthesized (11–13).
Mathematical model for the in-host malaria dynamics subject to malaria vaccines
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2018
Titus Okello Orwa, Rachel Waema Mbogo, Livingstone Serwadda Luboobi
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium (Liehl et al., 2015; Risco-Castillo et al., 2015). Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest (Derbyshire, Mota, & Clardy, 2011) and predominant malaria parasite in sub-Saharan African and was responsible for 99% of all malaria cases in 2016 (WHO, 2017b). While probing for blood, female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human dermis. The deposited parasites rapidly migrate to the liver, where they invade the hepatocytes with the formation of protective parasitophorous vacuole (Bertolino & Bowen, 2015; Ishino, Yano, Chinzei, & Yuda, 2004; Mota et al., 2001). During this pre-erythrocytic stage, the sporozoites undergo rapid asexual reproduction (White et al., 2014; White, 2017), develop and differentiate asymptomatically into thousands of erythrocytic forms called merozoites (Sturm et al., 2006). The cyclical erythrocytic stage begins when infected hepatocytes burst open, releasing infective-merozoites into the blood stream (Haldar, Murphy, Milner, & Taylor, 2007). The released merozoites quickly invade susceptible red blood cells leading to the formation of infected red blood cells (IRB) cells. The waves of bursting erythrocytes and invasions of fresh erythrocytes by secondary merozoites produce malaria characteristic symptoms such as chills and headache (Derbyshire et al., 2011). Some merozoites develop into sexual forms called gametocytes that are later sucked up by feeding mosquitoes for sexual reproduction and development within the mosquito gut (sporogonic stage). If left untreated, malaria patients may develop severe symptoms and progress to coma or death.
Design of inception ResNet V2 for detecting malarial infection using the cell image captured from microscopic slide
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
P. Mayil Vel Kumar, Anita Venaik, P. Shanmugaraja, P. John Augustine, M. Madiajagan
Malarial infection is a kind of vector-borne disease. Over the past few years approximately one million people died due to malarial infection [1]. Considering the seriousness of this infection World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the theme named Preventing vector-borne disease along with the slogan [2]. Generally, the malarial infection is triggered by plasmodium species, namely, Plasmodium falciparum which is transmitted through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. To control the transmission of this dreadful disease many countries are focusing on inventing effective vaccines [3].