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Odorous Materials
Published in Howard E. Hesketh, Air And Waste Management, 2019
Historically, this procedure has been used in clinics to help in the evaluation, diagnosis, recovery of persons with nasal problems. Abnormally low smell sensitivity (hyposmia or anosmia) can be indicative of intranasal polyps or carcinoma, atrophic rhinitis, tumor or abscess near the anterior fossa, and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Temporary or chronic loss of smell sensitivity should be evaluated and monitored in head injury, occupational exposure to chemicals, and radiation therapy to the head.
A detailed review of contrast-enhanced fluorescence magnetic resonance imaging techniques for earlier prediction and easy detection of COVID-19
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
T. Lurthu Pushparaj, E. Fantin Irudaya Raj, E. Francy Irudaya Rani
Fragmented anosmia or hyposmia, which particularly results in impaired olfactory function in the patient, has subsequently just become a critical sign for COVID-19 infection (Brann et al. 2020). Cellular determinants for SARS-CoV-2 entrance are also expressed in the olfactory epithelium rather than the olfactory sensory neurons (Bagheri et al. 2020). Researchers employed olfactory lobe magnetic resonance imaging (OB-MRI) with T1 and T2 weighted images and perhaps a magnetisation-prepared rapid echocardiography sequence to evaluate anosmia and hyposmia in patients (Figure 7). The polymerase chain reaction experiment validated this initial finding. Furthermore, scientists have been using this innovative approach to capture high tissue contrast with full brain imaging to discover olfactory system anomalies caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Gutierrez-Ortiz et al. 2020).
World Trade Center Health Program best practices for diagnosing and treating chronic rhinosinusitis
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Rafael E. de la Hoz, Michael R. Shohet
The diagnostic criteria for CRS require duration for at least 12 weeks of at least two of the following symptoms: rhinorrhea or posterior nasal discharge, nasal airway obstruction or congestion, hyposmia or anosmia, facial pain, or pressure, along with one or more of the following objective findings: endoscopic or radiographic evidence of sinonasal inflammation or polyps, OR evidence of mucopurulence draining from paranasal sinuses or outflow tracts. CRS is associated with several risk factors, including genetics, comorbidities, and occupational or environmental exposures. Those patients with acute irritant exposures may present with very few findings on CT and nasal endoscopy. With repeated irritant exposures, there is resulting mucosal damage and progression of the inflammatory process. CRS may result from or worsen the clinical course of other diseases, and clinicians need to evaluate those comorbidities carefully.17,19
Evaluation of nasal function after endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary adenoma: a computational fluid dynamics study
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Miao Lou, Luyao Zhang, Simin Wang, Ruiping Ma, Minjie Gong, Zhenzhen Hu, Jingbin Zhang, Yidan Shang, Zhenbo Tong, Guoxi Zheng, Ya Zhang
Surgery affects the distribution of airflow in different parts of the nasal cavity. Based on an analysis of the distribution in a typical section (C7), we found that MTR significantly improves airflow in the middle part of the ipsilateral nasal cavity, and reduces airflow to all other parts of the nasal cavity, a redistribution we have termed the "RE-DI phenomenon". The decrease in airflow in the upper part of the nasal cavity caused a reduction in airflow contacting the olfactory mucous membrane, possibly resulting in anosmia after surgery. However, the effect of MTR on olfaction remains controversial at present. Frank-Ito et al. (2015) believed that MTR hindered the interaction between olfactory mucosal membrane and airflow, Friedman et al. (1996) found that there was no significant change in olfactory score before and after MTR, while Soler et al. (2010) believed that olfaction in patients receiving bilateral MTR increased. The current study was based on steady-state respiration and did not simulate deep inhalation of odors, which may be an explanation for the different conclusions. The reduction in airflow in the lower parts of the nasal cavity decreases shear force on the inferior turbinate wall, possibly increasing the occurrence of empty nose syndrome (ENS), as concluded by the study of Maza et al. (2019).