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Odorous Materials
Published in Howard E. Hesketh, Air And Waste Management, 2019
Historically, this procedure has been used in clinics to help in the evaluation, diagnosis, recovery of persons with nasal problems. Abnormally low smell sensitivity (hyposmia or anosmia) can be indicative of intranasal polyps or carcinoma, atrophic rhinitis, tumor or abscess near the anterior fossa, and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Temporary or chronic loss of smell sensitivity should be evaluated and monitored in head injury, occupational exposure to chemicals, and radiation therapy to the head.
A detailed review of contrast-enhanced fluorescence magnetic resonance imaging techniques for earlier prediction and easy detection of COVID-19
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2023
T. Lurthu Pushparaj, E. Fantin Irudaya Raj, E. Francy Irudaya Rani
Fragmented anosmia or hyposmia, which particularly results in impaired olfactory function in the patient, has subsequently just become a critical sign for COVID-19 infection (Brann et al. 2020). Cellular determinants for SARS-CoV-2 entrance are also expressed in the olfactory epithelium rather than the olfactory sensory neurons (Bagheri et al. 2020). Researchers employed olfactory lobe magnetic resonance imaging (OB-MRI) with T1 and T2 weighted images and perhaps a magnetisation-prepared rapid echocardiography sequence to evaluate anosmia and hyposmia in patients (Figure 7). The polymerase chain reaction experiment validated this initial finding. Furthermore, scientists have been using this innovative approach to capture high tissue contrast with full brain imaging to discover olfactory system anomalies caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Gutierrez-Ortiz et al. 2020).
World Trade Center Health Program best practices for diagnosing and treating chronic rhinosinusitis
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2023
Rafael E. de la Hoz, Michael R. Shohet
The diagnostic criteria for CRS require duration for at least 12 weeks of at least two of the following symptoms: rhinorrhea or posterior nasal discharge, nasal airway obstruction or congestion, hyposmia or anosmia, facial pain, or pressure, along with one or more of the following objective findings: endoscopic or radiographic evidence of sinonasal inflammation or polyps, OR evidence of mucopurulence draining from paranasal sinuses or outflow tracts. CRS is associated with several risk factors, including genetics, comorbidities, and occupational or environmental exposures. Those patients with acute irritant exposures may present with very few findings on CT and nasal endoscopy. With repeated irritant exposures, there is resulting mucosal damage and progression of the inflammatory process. CRS may result from or worsen the clinical course of other diseases, and clinicians need to evaluate those comorbidities carefully.17,19
A multimodal MR-compatible olfactometer with real-time controlling capability
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
Seyedeh Fahimeh Hosseini, Seyed Kamran Kamrava, Somayeh Asadi, Shayan Maleki, Arash Zare-Sadeghi, Ali Shakeri-Zadeh
Odours play an important role in human cognition, and behaviour. Also, odours are considered to have a positive effect on memory and emotions. They can control appetite, and even contribute in identifying corrupted food [1,2]. Several medical conditions cause abnormalities in the sense of smell; including neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer and Parkinson disease) [3], cognitive impairments [4], severe obesity [5] and Kallmann syndrome [6]. In neurodegenerative disorders, patients have demonstrated structural and biochemical alterations in brain regions related to olfactory function [3,7]. In patients with post-traumatic disorders like anosmia and hyposmia, brain reaction to odours decrease significantly [8]. Normal Aging process is another common reason that causes reduced sense of smell [9–11]. Several studies have been carried out on healthy subjects with normal sense of smell aimed at localisation and lateralisation of olfactory areas in the brain [12–14].