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Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
The nasal route of drug administration has been primarily exploited for delivering the drug into the vicinity of the nasal mucosa surface. However, this route offers several advantages due to excessive permeability of nasal mucosal epithelium for higher molecular weight drug candidates (≤1000 Da) with rapid drug absorption rate, but the therapeutic effectiveness of administered drugs depends on mucus secretions, enzymes presence, mucus-secretion rate mucociliary-clearance rate, and deposition and uptake of drugs in nasal mucosa. Various novel drug formulations (mucoadhesive systems) are efficiently effective in the enhancement of drug facilitation in nasal mucosa along with stability and protection from nasal enzymes (Durai 2015). Mucoadhesive system based antiviral drug delivery via nasal route discussed in Table 18.1 (Amel 2001; Alsarra et al. 2008).
Human and Biomimetic Sensors
Published in Patrick F. Dunn, Fundamentals of Sensors for Engineering and Science, 2019
An odor is sensed by first having its molecules dissolve and move in the nasal mucus layer, eventually reaching and binding to an odorant receptor protein on olfactory cilia (see Figure 3.5). This chemical binding activates the protein, which leads to the opening of ionic channels. This subsequently yields a graded receptor potential within the olfactory cell that develops into an action potential in the olfactory nerve. The signal transmission end of the neuron terminates in the olfactory bulb. The spatial organization and connections of neurons in the olfactory pathway produce a two-dimensional mapping in the olfactory bulb of each odorant. The additional dimensionality and connectivity helps to explain why 1 000 different odorant receptors can detect millions of different odors.
The effect of intranasal corticosteroids on nasal polyps as assessed by expression of Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α)
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
J.K. Siow, A.Y.M. Rambe, E.M. Surbakti, D. Munir, L.I. Laksmi, P. Eyanoer
Nasal polyps are chronic inflammatory diseases of the nasal mucosa characterised by oede- matous masses stemming from the inflamed mucosa (Kirtsreesakul, 2005). Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFa) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by several cell types, including epithelial cells and macrophages, which induce chronic inflammation. They play a role in the eosinophil recruitment process by increasing the adhesion of eosinophils to nasal polyps. In a study conducted by Otto and Wenzel (2008), it was found that TNFa mRNA increased significantly in nasal polyps compared to the inferior concha. TNFa has an important role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. This pro-inflammatory cytokine plays a role in the inflammatory process of nasal polyps by promoting the synthesis of immunoglobulin. Synthesised inflammatory mediators in fibroblasts such as metalloproteinase-1, COX-2 and IL-6 matrix are also stimulated by TNFa (Shun et al., 2005).
Rosemary oil low energy nanoemulsion: optimization, µrheology, in silico, in vitro, and ex vivo characterization
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Nupur Vasdev, Mayank Handa, Prashant Kesharwani, Rahul Shukla
Ex vivo permeation studies of drug solution and drug-loaded nanoemulsion were compared. Drug solution showed only 21.82 ± 0.37% of drug permeation after 8 h. Nanoemulsion batches of rosemary oil RE1 and RT1 showed permeation of 93.06 ± 1.96 and 86.99 ± 1.21%, respectively. Ex vivo and in vitro permeation was found to be similar. Ex vivo permeation studies predicted that nanoemulsion RE1 and RT1 was able to diffuse at the faster rate and the total percentage of drug permeation from nanoemulsion was higher in comparison to drug solution. High permeability across nasal mucosa is advantageous in in vivo to avoid the mucociliary clearance from the nasal mucosa. Furthermore, the fast rate of diffusion and permeation might be due to small globular size of nanoemulsion that aids in rapid permeation. Ex vivo permeation results are shown in Figure 2(D).
A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Allergic rhinitis is an allergic response of the nasal mucosa that occurs in 10–30% of the general population (Pawankar et al. 2013). The disease is characterized by the presence of immediate onset nasal congestion and itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea following exposure to aeroallergens present in the air (Bousquet et al. 2020). Allergen-specific IgE molecules are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease, and similarly, allergic rhinitis often presents concurrently with asthma in many individuals; however, many individuals afflicted with rhinitis do not exhibit concomitant asthmatic responses. Other co-morbidities commonly implicated in cases of allergic rhinitis include allergic conjunctivitis, rhinosinusitis, and atopic dermatitis (Pawankar et al. 2013).
Validating CFD predictions of nasal spray deposition: Inclusion of cloud motion effects for two spray pump designs
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022
Arun V. Kolanjiyil, Sana Hosseini, Ali Alfaifi, Dale Farkas, Ross Walenga, Andrew Babiskin, Michael Hindle, Laleh Golshahi, P. Worth Longest
Delivering pharmaceutical formulations in aerosol form directly to the nose is an attractive approach to combat diseases and disorders such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal polyposis and migraines (Djupesland 2013; Dykewicz and Hamilos 2010; Le Guellec, Ehrmann, and Vecellio 2021). Nasal spray pumps are commonly used as drug delivery systems to administer locally acting pharmaceutical formulations to the nasal mucosa (Macias-Valle and Psaltis 2020). In addition to the already approved and marketed nasal spray innovator and generic products, many new and generic products are under development (Choi et al. 2018; Li et al. 2013). Furthermore, investigations are underway to deliver medications and vaccines to the nasal airways to combat SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses (Csaba, Garcia-Fuentes, and Alonso 2009; Wilkins et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2020). Hence, it is important to develop and improve strategies for testing nasal spray device drug delivery performance under variable usage conditions (Newman, Pitcairn, and Dalby 2004).