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X-Nuclei MRI and Energy Metabolism
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Energy metabolism can be divided into two main categories: Catabolism: Catabolism, or destructive metabolism, includes all biochemical reactions that break down large and complex molecules into smaller and simpler ones. Catabolic reactions are exergonic: they release energy contained in the chemical bonds, are thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous, and work via hydrolysis and oxidation, so cells can use them to generate energy and fuel anabolism.Anabolism: Anabolism, or constructive metabolism (or biosynthesis), includes all biochemical reactions that build large and complex molecules from smaller and simpler ones. Anabolic reactions are endergonic: they require an input of energy to occur, are not spontaneous, and work via condensation and reduction. Anabolism supports the growth of new cells, the maintenance of body tissues. Typical anabolic reactions combine monosaccharides (glucose) to form polysaccharides (glycogen), fatty acids to form triglycerides, amino acids to form proteins, and nucleotides to form nucleic acids. Anabolic and catabolic reactions are often coupled, with catabolism providing the activation energy for anabolism (for example, hydrolysis of ATP that can provide energy to many anabolic processes).
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Chemistry
Published in Jerome Greyson, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Pollutants and Their Determination in Air and Water, 2020
A schematic of the catabolic process is shown in Figure 3.18. We will discuss the details of the scheme a little later. Suffice for now to mention that the energy provided by catabolic breakdown is conserved in the cells, to be used to produce new generations of biomolecules. This counterpart of catabolism, biomolecular production, is called anabolism.
Introduction
Published in Debabrata Das, Debayan Das, Biochemical Engineering, 2019
The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via different biochemical reactions are known as metabolism. It is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place within a cell providing energy for vital processes (catabolism) and for synthesizing new organic materials (anabolism). Catabolism involves break down of biomolecules to a more oxidized end product for generating energy and reducing power. On the other hand, anabolism is the biosynthesis of more complex compounds from simple precursor molecules. Anabolism involves consumption of energy and reducing power generated during the catabolic processes. The cell stores energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), while the reducing power is stored in the form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Figure 1.3 shows the major metabolic pathways involved during anabolism and catabolism.
Effects of perlite and caustic soda on microorganism activities of leachate in a sequence batch reactor
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Etesam Ganjian, Majid Peyravi, Ali Asqar Ghoreyshi, Mohsen Jahanshahi, Soodabeh Khalili, Ali Shokuhi Rad
Many technologies are available for the treatment of young leachate to decrease the negative effects. This work focused on biological treatment by a sequence batch reactor (SBR) operation because of its easy operation and cost-effectiveness. Generally, an SBR has been extensively employed for the treatment of domestic, municipal, industrial, dairy, synthetic, toxic and slaughterhouse wastewaters, swine manure, and LFLs [6–18]. The SBR process is a type of activated sludge (AS) process that used suspended natural biological and bacteria growth to remove contaminants. In AS, microorganisms oxidize organic matter because the main nutrient for microorganism growth is the organic matter in the mixed liquor. With the addition of LFL, the growth rate increases exponentially and then levels off. Figure S1 (see SI†) indicates the metabolism of bacteria in the presence of nutrient. This shows how the bacterial metabolism could have a direct relationship with degradation of contaminates and promote the treatment process [19]. There are two major processes in a bacterium: Catabolism or respiration: carbon ingestion + O2 → energy (protein + H2O) + CO2Anabolism or growth: carbon ingestion + energy → new biomass
Biomechanical and osteointegration study of 3D-printed porous PEEK hydroxyapatite-coated scaffolds
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Chao Wu, Baifang Zeng, Danwei Shen, Jiayan Deng, Ling Zhong, Haigang Hu, Xiangyu Wang, Hong Li, Lian Xu, Yi Deng
The parameters of Tb. N, Tb. Th and Tb. Sp were the important indexes to evaluate the spatial structure of the trabecular bone, which could reflect the bone strength and bone metabolism condition. When the bone anabolism is greater than bone catabolism, the values of Tb. N and Tb. Th will increase but Tb. Sp will decrease. Our results showed that the values of Tb. N and Tb. Th in porous-HA group were higher than that in porous group significantly (p < 0.05) (Figure 6b,c), and the Tb. Sp was lower in porous-HA group compared with porous group significantly (p < 0.05) (Figure 6d). The above results indicated that the new bone tissues may have the higher bone strength in porous-HA compared with porous group.
Ceramide pathway: A novel approach to cancer chemotherapy
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Mahdi Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Masoud Mashhadi Akbar Boojar, Sepide Golmohammad
Many of the ceramide catabolism inhibitors, as well as its anabolism boosters, are passing clinical phases as tumor chemotherapy drugs [22]. In addition, the production of ceramide and the potentiation of its operators have been proposed as a secondary mechanism of anti-tumor activity of many chemotherapy agents and radiotherapy [19].