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Chemical Environment
Published in Stephan Konz, Steven Johnson, Work Design, 2018
The first target is the respiratory system. One response might be an increase in airflow resistance (asthmatic response); this response usually ends when the mucociliary escalator removes the irritant. A second response (chronic bronchitis) might occur if there is continuing irritation to the mucosa due to high levels of irritant gas or particles. There is an increase in coughing and sputum. A third response (acute bronchitis or pneumonia) may occur if the cilia movements are paralyzed—thus leading to inadequate lung cleaning and possible improved colonization of bacteria. A fourth response (chronic interstitial lung disease) may occur from dusts containing microorganisms or animal proteins. In various forms, it is called bagassosis (from the baggasse, the fibrous material of sugar cane), farmer’s lung (from moldy hay), cheesewasher’s disease (from penicillium spores), malt worker’s lung (malt dust in breweries), and grain worker’s lung (weevils in flour). A fifth response (emphysema) is primarily due to tobacco smoke. The smoke paralyzes the cilia and the trapped irritants lead to collapse of small bronchioles.
Regional impacts on air quality and health of changing a manufacturing facility’s grid-boiler to a combined heat and power system
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Elaheh Safaei Kouchaksaraei, Ali Khosravani Semnani, Kody M. Powell, Kerry E. Kelly
COBRA evaluates the following health endpoints: adult and infant mortality; non-fatal heart attacks; respiratory-related and cardiovascular-related hospitalizations; acute bronchitis; upper and lower respiratory symptoms; asthma-related emergency room visits; asthma exacerbations; minor restricted activity days (i.e., days on which activity is reduced, but not severely restricted); and work days lost due to illness. It uses both long- and short-term exposures for different endpoints. For example, it uses short-term exposure to PM2.5 to estimate non-fatal heart attacks [52] and all cardiovascular-related hospital admissions [53]. In another example, COBRA uses long- and short-term exposures to ambient levels of PM2.5 pollution to estimate the respiratory-related hospitalizations [54].
Analysis of air quality in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2018
Oluwasinaayomi Faith Kasim, Muluneh Woldetisadik Abshare, Samuel Babatunde Agbola
With so many problems in the world, why should urban managers and city dwellers, especially those in developing countries such as Ethiopia, care about air pollution and climate change? Dire Dawa inhabitants and city managers should care because the most important asset of any city is the health of its citizens (Chen et al. 2007; WHO 2016b). People’s health is a function of the quality of the air they breathe and susceptibility of the environment to climate change impact (CARE International Poverty, Environment and Climate Change Network [PECCN] 2011; Cordova et al. 2006; Schwela 2000; WHO 2016b). The observed air quality in Dire Dawa has negative implications for the inhabitants’ health and the city’s livability outcome. Research has linked the concept of livability to a range of factors, such as quality of life, health, sense of safety, access to service, cost of living, comfortable living standards, mobility and transport, air quality, and social participation (Bishop and Syme 1995; Howley, Scott, and Redmond 2009). Studies on human population indicate that exposure to air pollution, especially NO2 levels, may decrease lung function and increase the risk of respiratory symptoms, such as acute bronchitis and cough and phlegm, particularly in children, with implication for how livable a city is. Some studies have also shown association between NO2 exposure and mortality (Environment and Climate Change Canada 2015).
Residential wood heating: An overview of U.S. impacts and regulations
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2022
Arthur Marin, Lisa Rector, Barbara Morin, George Allen
Wood combustion emission constituents, including PM2.5, CO, and NOx, are associated with adverse respiratory and cardiac health effects and increased mortality. (Boman 2006; Naeher et al. 2007; Pope and Dockery 2006). Short-term exposures to wood combustion emissions aggravate many types of lung diseases, can cause asthma attacks and acute bronchitis, and may increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. Low-level exposure to wood combustion products can reduce pulmonary function and lower blood oxygen concentrations (Environment & Human Health, Inc 2018). Those exposures are especially harmful to children, the elderly, and people with lung and heart disease.