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Computation of Threshold Rate for the Spread of HIV in a Mobile Heterosexual Population and Its Implication for SIR Model in Healthcare
Published in Ashish Mishra, G. Suseendran, Trung-Nghia Phung, Soft Computing Applications and Techniques in Healthcare, 2020
Suresh Rasappan, Regan Murugesan
The primary mode of HIV transmission is unprotected sexual intercourse (includes anal or oral sex), contaminated blood transfusion, hypodermic needles and during pregnancies from mother to child or breast feeding after delivery [3]. The primary way to control the spread of HIV is prevention by individuals themselves through safe sex and the usage of new needles. There is no known cure or vaccines for AIDS so far. However, some social welfare organisations like HAART can reduce or slow down the epidemic of the disease and may lead to normal life expectancy. Since it was first recognised in 1981 by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, AIDS has caused over 34 million deaths. As of 2010, approximately 36 million people are living with HIV/AIDS globally and it has caused over 34 million deaths (UNAIDS).
Nanomedicine and Diseases: An Updated Overview
Published in Sarwar Beg, Mahfoozur Rahman, Md. Abul Barkat, Farhan J. Ahmad, Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Disease, 2019
Sarwar Beg, Md. Abul Barkat, Harshita, Mahfoozur Rahman, Farhan J. Ahmad
Currently, there is no cure and no preventive vaccine for HIV/AIDS. Combinational antiretroviral therapy has dramatically improved the treatment, but it has to be taken for a lifetime. It has major side effects and is ineffective in patients, in whom the virus develops resistance. Nanotechnology is an emerging multidisciplinary field that is revolutionizing medicine in the 21st century. It has a vast potential to radically advance the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS (Gallo, 2002; Gallo and Montagnier, 2003; Montagnier, 2002). Nanotechnology can impact the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS with various innovative approaches. Treatment options may be improved using nanotechnology platforms for delivery of antiretroviral drugs. Controlled and sustained release of the drugs could improve patient adherence to drug regimens, increasing treatment effectiveness. Targeted NPs utilizing ligands such as mannose, galactose, tuftsin, and fMLF peptides have been used to target macrophages, major HIV viral reservoirs. In the future, targeted co-delivery of two or more antiviral drugs in a NP system could radically improve the treatment of viral reservoirs (Mamo et al., 2010).
Current Use and Future Promise of Genetic Engineering
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Our Animal Connection, 2019
Although the treatment of AIDS has turned the virus from a deadly killer into a chronic health condition, scientists have yet to find a cure. This situation may change as CRISPR technology advances. In 2017, a Chinese research team successfully enhanced the resistance of mice to HIV by replicating a gene mutation that effectively prevented the virus from entering the cell.360 At present, scientists only perform these experiments on animals, but there is reason to believe that the same method also applies to humans. HIV resistance mutations occur in a small number of people. By using CRISPR to introduce mutations into human stem cells, researchers could significantly increase human resistance to AIDS in the future.
Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2019
Nicholas Birkett, Mustafa Al-Zoughool, Michael Bird, Robert A. Baan, Jan Zielinski, Daniel Krewski
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 is a RNA virus that transcribes its RNA core into DNA through the action of reverse transcriptase, which subsequently is integrated in the host cell DNA. This virus primarily infects CD4-positive T-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. There is no evidence that HIV-1 causes cancer directly. However HIV-1 increases cancer risk because it gives rise to a severe immunodeficiency, leading to an enhanced risk from secondary carcinogens. For example, the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is enhanced as a result of ‘the profound depletion of CD4-positive T lymphocytes that is caused by HIV-1 and allows the dysregulation of B-cell control, and the expression of the effects of lymphotrophic viruses’ (IARC 2012b, 223). Despite the integration of the cDNA transcript of the viral RNA in the genome, there is no apparent evidence that HIV induces chromosomal or genetic damage.
Mathematical analysis of sex-structured population model of HIV infection in Kenya
Published in Letters in Biomathematics, 2018
E. O. Omondi, R. W. Mbogo, L. S. Luboobi
In 2016, Kenya issued full regulatory approval of PrEP, becoming the second country in Sub-Saharan Africa after South Africa, to make such approval (UNAIDS, 2016b). PrEP is used by people who do not have HIV but are at high risk of acquiring it to prevent HIV infection (AIDS, 2016; HIV/AIDS, 2016). The successes of PrEP use in Kenya are yet to be reported since research into the uptake and impact of PrEP, specifically with young women and girls in high-incidence areas is still on-going (UNAIDS, 2016b). The challenges posed by the continued occurrence of new infections call for a better understanding of the disease transmission and development of effective strategies for prevention and control of the spread of HIV. Therefore, we add control to measure the effectiveness of PrEP in the prevention measurements against acquiring HIV infection. Thus the infection terms given in (3) are, respectively, modified as follows Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram for the compartmental model structure.
Optimization of formulation and process variables using central composite design for the production of nevirapine spray dried solid dispersion
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Ashok Mahajan, Naazneen Surti, Priyal Patel, Naziya Gheewala, Ashwini Patel, Dimal Shah
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an advanced stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV is a lentivirus which attacks human immune system by reducing CD4 cells, a type of T cells. This leads to progressive failure of the immune system that allows life-threatening infections and cancers to thrive.[1,2] According to UNAIDS, the number of cases of HIV/AIDS infection, across the globe, were found to be approximately 37.9 million. Out of these, 36.2 million were adults and 1.7 million were children (<15 years old).[3]