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Patient Ergonomics in the Wild
Published in Rupa S. Valdez, Richard J. Holden, The Patient Factor, 2021
The project has included multiple formative design components to date. As a result of USE-MI’s requirement for several custom-developed, complex components that must be linked together (i.e. back-end server, phone, watch, NFC-tagged pill bottle), the formative design process is much more involved than in CONDUIT-HID. The team initially conducted a survey (n = 225) of individuals taking antiretroviral therapy and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (Stekler et al., 2018). Participants were asked about several elements within the patient work system frameworks, including information about themselves, tools they currently use for medication taking, and work processes related to taking their medications. By looking at the links between patient work system factors and their self-reported adherence, this survey helped identify a subset of individuals for whom the system could be most valuable.
Cross-Linked Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Tuğcu-Demiröz et al. developed mucoadhesive gel formulations of oxybutynin and compared their blood levels with orally administered oxybutynin in immediate release tablets in vivo [40]. The gels were prepared from chitosan, HPMC, and Poloxamer 407. The formulation exhibited a good permeation effect across the vaginal mucosa. In vivo studies on rabbits showed that the area under the curve (AUC) and relative bioavailability values were high for a vaginal gel formulation prepared with HPMC. The formulation was found to be useful for the treatment of overactive bladder and vaginal dryness resulting from menopause [40]. Lu et al. reported a thermosensitive in situ gel for local uterine administration [41]. It was prepared from Poloxamer 188 and HPMC and loaded with fertility-promoting intrauterine infusion liquid as hormone therapy. The gelation temperature was 27 °C. In vitro release tests showed that the release of icariin, an active compound in the hormone therapy, was slow from in situ forming gel. After the gel was locally administered, the serum estradiol level of the gel group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01). The histological evaluation did not indicate signs of mucosal irritation in the animals that were administered the formulation. The in situ forming gel system was found to be a potential therapeutic for the treatment of bovine uterine diseases [41]. Date et al. developed thermosensitive gels containing raltegravir- and efavirenz-loaded PLGA NPs for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV [42]. The NPs were prepared by a modified emulsion–solvent evaporation method. The size and surface charge of NPs were 81.8 ± 6.4 nm and −23.18 ± 7.18 mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of raltegravir and efavirenz was 56% and 98%, respectively. A thermosensitive vaginal gel was prepared using a combination of Pluronic F127 (20% w/v) and Pluronic F68 (1% w/v). The gel loaded with the NPs exhibited gelation at 33°C. The NPs and the blank gel were not cytotoxic in vitro. The formulation is a potential antiretroviral agent for long-term vaginal pre-exposure prophylaxis against heterosexual HIV-1 transmission [42].
Using geospatial social media data for infectious disease studies: a systematic review
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2023
Fengrui Jing, Zhenlong Li, Shan Qiao, Jiajia Zhang, Banky Olatosi, Xiaoming Li
Aside from COVID-19, socioeconomic and demographic factors correlating the prevalence of other infectious diseases were investigated using contextual information. For example, scholars explored spatiotemporal trends in dengue events reported on Twitter compared to confirmed cases and analyzed the associations with sociodemographic factors at the municipality level (Nsoesie et al. 2016). Using influenza-related tweets, researchers found more tweets about the influenza vaccine among women than men (Huang et al. 2019). Using Zika-related tweets in the travel context, researchers compared the differences in the network, demographic, and language characteristics between users who modified their behavior and the control group (Daughton and Paul 2019). HIV has been a hotspot topic in research on sex transmission diseases. Twitter activity among young men was found to be associated with overall HIV prevalence (Stevens et al. 2020). In another study (Chan et al. 2021), the number of men who have sex with men (MSM) appeared to be linked to the HIV-related tweets in a region, the in-person communications about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and the ultimately actual PrEP use.