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Material Resources in Sustainable Project Management
Published in Anna Brzozowska, Arnold Pabian, Barbara Pabian, Sustainability in Project Management, 2021
Anna Brzozowska, Arnold Pabian, Barbara Pabian
Hybrid vehicles provide a bridge between vehicles with internal combustion engines and electric vehicles (they have internal combustion-electric engines). The most important part of the hybrid system is the planetary gearbox, which connects the internal combustion engine, the generator, and the electric motor. The hybrid drive makes it possible to start the vehicle with the electric motor and to use this motor to cover certain distances at urban speeds. Since energy is recovered during braking, a hybrid vehicle does not need to be recharged from external sources (except for plug-in hybrids equipped with standard, larger-capacity batteries to ensure a longer electric driving range). The more often the driver uses the brake, the more energy is recovered by the generator. This causes hybrid vehicles to consume much less fuel in urban traffic where the frequency of braking is higher compared to driving outside such areas. Due to their design, they are also more durable.
Road-Traffic Emissions
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020
Fabian Heidegger, Regine Gerike, Wolfram Schmidt, Udo Becker, Jens Borken-Kleefeld
As previously mentioned, kinetic energy is generated in either a combustion or an electric engine. Electric engines have a higher degree of efficiency than combustion engines. A hybrid vehicle obtains its energy from an electric engine and a fuel-based engine. Combustion engines are characterized by a cyclic, non-stationary, and non-optimal combustion process (Pfäfflin 2018). For a comparable vehicle type with similar engine power, the diesel engine has an advantage in terms of fuel consumption as compared to the gasoline engine. The spark ignition of the diesel leads to a more energy-efficient yield of fuel: This combustion process results in less fuel consumption and lowers CO2 emissions; however, rising combustion temperatures lead to greater NOx emissions.
Automotive Crankcase Oils
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
There are several variations of internal combustion engines used as automotive power plants. Some use an oil sump or reservoir and others use an oil/fuel mix for lubrication. Those engines with “crankcase fill” systems include four-cycle gasoline engines, four- and two-cycle diesel engines, and unconventional fueled engines (natural gas, LP, alcohol, esters, or vegetable oils). These internal combustion systems include both “direct drive” and “hybrid drive” vehicles. Hybrid vehicles are those where an internal combustion engine runs a generator supplying power to electric motors that drive the wheels. This chapter will concentrate on lubricants used in crankcase oil sump lubrication systems. Two-cycle motorcycle, outboard engines, and recreational vehicles, where the internal moving parts are lubricated by oil injection or oil/fuel mixtures, are not included in this chapter.
PhD theses completed in 2018
Published in International Journal of Fluid Power, 2018
Hybrid vehicles have become a popular alternative to conventional powertrain architectures by offering improved fuel efficiency along with various other environmental benefits. Among them, hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHVs) have several benefits, which make it the superior technology for certain applications over other types of hybrid vehicles, such as lower component costs, more environmentally friendly construction materials, higher power densities and more regenerative energy available from braking. There have been various studies on HHVs, such as energy management optimisation, control strategies for various system configurations, the effect of system parameters on the hybrid system and proposals for novel hybrid architectures. One area not been thoroughly covered in the past is a detailed modelling and examination of the thermal characteristics for HHVs due to a difficulty of describing the rapid thermal transients in the unsteady state systems.
Investigation of the effects of battery types and power management algorithms on drive cycle simulation for a range-extended electric vehicle powertrain
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2019
M. Umut Karaoğlan, N. Sefa Kuralay, C. Ozgur Colpan
Hybrid vehicles offer some important advantages over conventional vehicles powered by only internal combustion engines in terms of air pollution reduction and energy savings (Samsun et al. 2016). Increasing the potential usage of hybrid vehicle technology mainly depends on simulation of chosen power train components such as internal combustion engine (Li et al. 2017), battery (Marzougui et al. 2017; Xi, Li, and Xu 2014), fuel cell (FC) (Benabdelaziz and Maarufi 2017; Fernandez, Cilleruelo, and Martinez 2016), ultracapacitor (Marzougui et al. 2017), and supercapacitor (Carignano et al. 2017). The type of the components used and how they are connected mainly depend on the operating conditions (e.g., low- or high-speed demand on urban, rural, and highway drives), vehicle structure, and performance criteria (e.g., maximum speed, climbing angle, and range). A comparatively newer technology that can be used in hybrid power trains is FCs (Larminie and Lowry 2003). FC-based hybrid power trains have been already come into commercialization stage in several applications such as automotive (Fletcher, Thring, and Watkinson 2016; Hwang, Chen, and Kuo 2012) and maritime (Bassam et al. 2016, 2017). In these applications, FC hybrid systems can be used in either series or parallel configuration. In the series one, FCs are usually used as the secondary energy source that produce power to charge the battery via a DC/DC converter, whereas in the parallel one, FC produces power to compensate the excess power demand during the acceleration of vehicle. Among the different types of FCs, hydrogen-fueled proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology (Andaloro et al. 2017; Mebarki et al. 2016) dominates FC-based hybrid vehicles, thanks to its high power output and electrical efficiency (Mokrani et al. 2017). However, direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) could be considered to be more suitable for the small road vehicles considering factors such as easiness in fuel storage and availability and cost of fuel (i.e., methanol) (Gao et al. 2016).
A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging System
Published in Smart Science, 2018
Saadullah Khan, Aqueel Ahmad, Furkan Ahmad, Mahdi Shafaati Shemami, Mohammad Saad Alam, Siddiq Khateeb
There is a much work regarding ViPV prototypes, concepts and studies available, but the practical utilization of power generated by the ViPV system, of course, the very crucial point for the concerned people. The basic design of Vehicle-Integrated PV system defines the EV (or HEV) car’s body is embedded with the solar photovoltaic material. Solar cells might be embedded into the chassis part exposed to sunlight like the hood, roof and maybe the trunk depending on a car’s design. ‘This would allow a hybrid vehicle to be partially powered using solar energy,’ says Letendre. Hence, vehicle itself resembles a small solar power plant and hybrid automobiles converted into even more environmentally friendly. Hybrid vehicles use an internal combustion engine and electric motor both as a source of supply to the vehicle. Evidently, the sunnier the climate, the more the share of the contribution that solar cells might make to fuel efficiency. A typical estimate shows that a hybrid car fitted with solar cells of 500 watts embedded, in the sunniest region of the nation, might conceivably generate 1051 kW of energy per year, and account for around 5100 miles travelled – one-third of yearly miles travelled by taking an average annual mileage of 15,000. It merely accounts for 850 miles driven per year in a very cloudy region. Annually, the saving in the fuel cost with the VIPV system would be relatively marginal. In comparison with gaseous fuel prices which are now well over Rs. 35.81/liter, the VIPV cars on average would take more than five years to pay back [88]. Illustrating the fact that the amount of electrical energy required in state of the art vehicles is cumulating day by day, a VIPV system tags a supplementary source of power not only to charge the battery during vehicle standstill but during vehicle operation as well. Basically, it is a dynamic source which can supply additional power for electronic control units, actuators, displays, heating, ventilation and air conditioning units, and other electronic equipment such as 110 or 230VAC power converters, refrigerators and even microwaves, etc. [151].