Macronutrients
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy in Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Plants manufacture another type of sterols called plant sterols or phytosterols that are bioactive compounds and are the major component contributing to regulation of membrane fluidity in plant cells (127–129). Plant sterols include sterols and stanols, called phytosterols and phytostanols respectively, but combinedly and generally they are called phytosterols (127). Plant sterols resemble mammalian cholesterol in structure but are different in biological activity. Structurally, both phytosterols and cholesterol have sterol rings but the difference resides in the carbon side chains, with or without a double bond (127–128). More than 200 phytosterols have been identified in nature (127, 129). The most abundant plant sterols are: ß-sitosterol (65%), campesterol (32%), and stigmasterol (3%) (127, 129). Brassicasterol is a phytosterol often present in algae such as phytoplankton. In plant tissues, phytosterols (PS) occur in five common forms: free sterols, fatty-acid esters (steryl ester), steryl glycosides, acylated steryl glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acid steryl esters (127). Stanols do not have double bonds in the sterol ring and are called saturated sterols. Stanols are less abundant in nature than phytosterols. The main stanols are campestanol and sitostanol (127). Plant stanols are also produced by hydrogenating sterols. These phytosterols are normal constituents of the human diet. Cholesterol is often absent or exists in trace levels in plant cells; that’s why it is rarely found in plant foods.
Lipids of Dermatophytes
Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum in Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
Among non-polar fractions, only sterols are known to be essential structural components of fungi.37 These are responsible for growth, reproduction and maintenance of membrane structure and fluidity.39 Apparently, only free sterols are involved in controlling membrane stability and permeability.37 Presence of ergosterol was shown in T. asteroides,40 T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes.41,42 Wirth et al.43 also reported the presence of brassicasterol in addition to ergosterol in five strains of T. rubrum. Blank et al.44 substantiated the observation of Wirth et al.43 and they also discovered trace amounts of brassicasterol in E. floccosum. Sterol composition in T. rubrum is listed in Table 3. Only 7% of the total sterols of T. rubrum were present in esterified form, ergosterol being the primary component to be esterified. Sterol composition of dermatophytes is similar to other fungi except the presence of brassicasterol in the Trichophyton group. Fatty acids found in sterol esters of T. rubrum were mainly of chain length C14-C18, which included one di- and two mono-unsaturated fatty acids.45 In shake cultures of M. gypseum and E. floccosum significant amounts of sterols were present in mid log phase;26,46 however, esterified sterols were present in minor amounts.
Pharmacology of p-sitosterol and other Sterols
Amritpal Singh Saroya in Contemporary Phytomedicines, 2017
Brassicasterol (Fig. 19.10) is a sterol found in certain plants and other foods such as seafood. Brassicaterol is found in high concentrations in brassica, also known as rapeseed oil. There are no human trials examining the health benefit of brassicasterol when given as a supplement by itself, but it would make sense that brassicaterol would have similar physiological effects as other sterols such as sitosterol and stigmasterol.
Ethanol Extract of Eryngium Foetidum Leaves Induces Mitochondrial Associated Apoptosis via ROS Generation in Human Gastric Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Xian Zhang, Jing Chen, Songlin Zhou, Huange Zhao
Engium foetidum is a biennial, tropical plant in the Umbelliferae-Apiaceae family, and it is distributed in the tropical parts of the world. E. foetidum has been widely used as a food ingredient and has been used to treat many diseases, including fevers, stomachache, malaria, hypertension and arthritis (11). Various bioactive compounds were isolated from EF leaf extracts, including flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic acids, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid, α-cholesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol (12–16). All components have been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (11, 17). Recently, it was reported that EF leaf extracts have a preventive effect on colorectal carcinogenesis in mice (18). Based on reports and information from the literature referenced, EF leaf extract may have the anticancer properties. In this article, four solvent extracts, namely ethanol, n-hexane, petroleum ether, and water extracts were obtained from EF leaves, and the cytotoxic activities of these extracts in several cancer cells were observed. The ethanol extract of EF leaves showed higher anticancer activity on SGC-7901 cells. Apoptosis is a very important mechanism of tumor prevention and treatment, however, studies focused on the mechanism of action of EF leaf crude extract with respect to cell apoptosis seem to be far from adequate. In this study, the gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 was used as a model cell line to explore the anticancer properties and the possible underlying mechanism of EFE leaf extracts. Our findings show for the first time that EFE extract could induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells via ROS production.
Carboxylated phytosterol derivative-introduced liposomes for skin environment-responsive transdermal drug delivery system
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2018
Naoko Yamazaki, Satoshi Yamakawa, Takumi Sugimoto, Yuta Yoshizaki, Ryoma Teranishi, Takaaki Hayashi, Aki Kotaka, Chiharu Shinde, Takayuki Kumei, Yasushi Sumida, Toru Shimizu, Yukihiro Ohashi, Eiji Yuba, Atsushi Harada, Kenji Kono
Succinic anhydride and 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid anhydride were obtained from New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). DMPC was obtained from NOF Corp. (Tokyo, Japan). Calcein was from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO). Lissamine rhodamine B-sulphonylphosphatidylethanolamine (Rh-PE) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Birmingham, AL). Triton X-100 was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Phytosterol was provided from TAMA Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Its composition was ascertained using gas chromatography as β-sitosterol 46%, campesterol 25%, stigmasterol 21%, brassicasterol 3% and other sterols 5%.
Impact of phytosterols on liver and distal colon metabolome in experimental murine colitis model: an explorative study
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2019
Nunzia Iaccarino, Jussara Amato, Bruno Pagano, Anna Di Porzio, Matteo Micucci, Luca Bolelli, Rita Aldini, Ettore Novellino, Roberta Budriesi, Antonio Randazzo
Phytosterols are plant derived sterols, structurally related to cholesterol. They have been classified into (i) sterols, which have a double bond in the sterol ring, and (ii) stanols, which conversely lack a double bond in the sterol ring, thus being saturated molecules. Phytosterols are known for their hypocholesterolaemic5 and anti-inflammatory properties6,7 that are independent from each other8. Among the anti-inflammatory studies, a discrete number of investigations have been conducted in the last years to understand their role on IBD. Experimental IBD models are often used for this purpose where the trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) or dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) is employed to generate models that mime respectively CD and UC. IBD animal models are often chosen for their robustness and resemblance to human IBD regarding the disruption of the colonic epithelial layer and the progressive immune and inflammatory responses9,10. In this frame, Aldini et al. performed for the first time a longitudinal preventive and therapeutic study about the role of phytosterols in the prevention/induction and remission of inflammation in an experimental murine colitis model11. In particular, a commercially available nutraceutical, based on a mixture of β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and brassicasterol (Supplementary Figure S1), was employed in mice with DSS-induced colitis as well as in healthy mice. The results of such study showed that pre-treatment with phytosterols reduces the clinical symptoms and exerts a protective effect on the induced colonic inflammation, decreasing infiltration of inflammatory cells, and accelerating mucosal healing. These effects have been related to the phytosterols antioxidant properties, thus suggesting that they may actually be taken in consideration as potential nutraceutical tool in the management (prevention/remission) of IBD and other intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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