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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Plants manufacture another type of sterols called plant sterols or phytosterols that are bioactive compounds and are the major component contributing to regulation of membrane fluidity in plant cells (127–129). Plant sterols include sterols and stanols, called phytosterols and phytostanols respectively, but combinedly and generally they are called phytosterols (127). Plant sterols resemble mammalian cholesterol in structure but are different in biological activity. Structurally, both phytosterols and cholesterol have sterol rings but the difference resides in the carbon side chains, with or without a double bond (127–128). More than 200 phytosterols have been identified in nature (127, 129). The most abundant plant sterols are: ß-sitosterol (65%), campesterol (32%), and stigmasterol (3%) (127, 129). Brassicasterol is a phytosterol often present in algae such as phytoplankton. In plant tissues, phytosterols (PS) occur in five common forms: free sterols, fatty-acid esters (steryl ester), steryl glycosides, acylated steryl glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acid steryl esters (127). Stanols do not have double bonds in the sterol ring and are called saturated sterols. Stanols are less abundant in nature than phytosterols. The main stanols are campestanol and sitostanol (127). Plant stanols are also produced by hydrogenating sterols. These phytosterols are normal constituents of the human diet. Cholesterol is often absent or exists in trace levels in plant cells; that’s why it is rarely found in plant foods.
Lipids of Dermatophytes
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
Among non-polar fractions, only sterols are known to be essential structural components of fungi.37 These are responsible for growth, reproduction and maintenance of membrane structure and fluidity.39 Apparently, only free sterols are involved in controlling membrane stability and permeability.37 Presence of ergosterol was shown in T. asteroides,40 T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes.41,42 Wirth et al.43 also reported the presence of brassicasterol in addition to ergosterol in five strains of T. rubrum. Blank et al.44 substantiated the observation of Wirth et al.43 and they also discovered trace amounts of brassicasterol in E. floccosum. Sterol composition in T. rubrum is listed in Table 3. Only 7% of the total sterols of T. rubrum were present in esterified form, ergosterol being the primary component to be esterified. Sterol composition of dermatophytes is similar to other fungi except the presence of brassicasterol in the Trichophyton group. Fatty acids found in sterol esters of T. rubrum were mainly of chain length C14-C18, which included one di- and two mono-unsaturated fatty acids.45 In shake cultures of M. gypseum and E. floccosum significant amounts of sterols were present in mid log phase;26,46 however, esterified sterols were present in minor amounts.
Pharmacology of p-sitosterol and other Sterols
Published in Amritpal Singh Saroya, Contemporary Phytomedicines, 2017
Brassicasterol (Fig. 19.10) is a sterol found in certain plants and other foods such as seafood. Brassicaterol is found in high concentrations in brassica, also known as rapeseed oil. There are no human trials examining the health benefit of brassicasterol when given as a supplement by itself, but it would make sense that brassicaterol would have similar physiological effects as other sterols such as sitosterol and stigmasterol.
Phytosterol-loaded CD44 receptor-targeted PEGylated nano-hybrid phyto-liposomes for synergistic chemotherapy
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Milan Gautam, Raj Kumar Thapa, Biki Gupta, Zar Chi Soe, Wenquan Ou, Kishwor Poudel, Sung Giu Jin, Han-Gon Choi, Chul Soon Yong, Jong Oh Kim
STS, a plant-derived phytosterol, differs structurally from cholesterol (CHO), β-sitosterol, and campesterol, with an additional double bond at the C22-23position [20]. Phytosterols have an inhibitory effect on lung, stomach, breast, ovarian, and colorectal cancers mediated via multiple mechanisms, including modification of cell membrane structure and function, as well as increase the cancer cell apoptosis by lowering blood cholesterol levels [21,22]. Biochemical and molecular effects of plant sterol also make them strong candidates for breast cancer therapy [23]. STS derivatives, including 5,6-epoxystigmasta-22,23-diol(epoxydiol), stigmasta-5,22-diene-3β,7β-diol (7β-OH), (22R,23R)-stigmast-5-ene-3β,22,23-triol (22R,23R-triol), and 5,6,22,23-diepoxystigmastane (diepoxide) have been shown to be highly cytotoxic [24]. In addition, methanolic extracts of STS and quercetin isolated from flowers of Couroupita guianensis have shown a significant cytotoxic effect toward NIH 3T3, HepG2, and HeLa cancer cells [25]. Hence, STS has potential as a chemotherapeutic candidate along with other chemotherapeutic agents. DOX, a well-known anthracycline anticancer drug, encapsulated with soybean-derived sterylglucoside mixture (β-sitosterol 3-β-D-glucoside 49.9%, campesterol 29.1%, stigmasterol 13.8% and brassicasterol 7.2%) have shown higher antitumor activity over free DOX and suppresses cancer metastasis after intravenous administration [26]. STS alone has little effect; however, when combined with different biological and cytotoxic agents via active targeting systems, the effects of STS are promising.
Ethanol Extract of Eryngium Foetidum Leaves Induces Mitochondrial Associated Apoptosis via ROS Generation in Human Gastric Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Xian Zhang, Jing Chen, Songlin Zhou, Huange Zhao
Engium foetidum is a biennial, tropical plant in the Umbelliferae-Apiaceae family, and it is distributed in the tropical parts of the world. E. foetidum has been widely used as a food ingredient and has been used to treat many diseases, including fevers, stomachache, malaria, hypertension and arthritis (11). Various bioactive compounds were isolated from EF leaf extracts, including flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic acids, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoid, α-cholesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol (12–16). All components have been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (11, 17). Recently, it was reported that EF leaf extracts have a preventive effect on colorectal carcinogenesis in mice (18). Based on reports and information from the literature referenced, EF leaf extract may have the anticancer properties. In this article, four solvent extracts, namely ethanol, n-hexane, petroleum ether, and water extracts were obtained from EF leaves, and the cytotoxic activities of these extracts in several cancer cells were observed. The ethanol extract of EF leaves showed higher anticancer activity on SGC-7901 cells. Apoptosis is a very important mechanism of tumor prevention and treatment, however, studies focused on the mechanism of action of EF leaf crude extract with respect to cell apoptosis seem to be far from adequate. In this study, the gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 was used as a model cell line to explore the anticancer properties and the possible underlying mechanism of EFE leaf extracts. Our findings show for the first time that EFE extract could induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells via ROS production.
Carboxylated phytosterol derivative-introduced liposomes for skin environment-responsive transdermal drug delivery system
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2018
Naoko Yamazaki, Satoshi Yamakawa, Takumi Sugimoto, Yuta Yoshizaki, Ryoma Teranishi, Takaaki Hayashi, Aki Kotaka, Chiharu Shinde, Takayuki Kumei, Yasushi Sumida, Toru Shimizu, Yukihiro Ohashi, Eiji Yuba, Atsushi Harada, Kenji Kono
Succinic anhydride and 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid anhydride were obtained from New Japan Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). DMPC was obtained from NOF Corp. (Tokyo, Japan). Calcein was from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO). Lissamine rhodamine B-sulphonylphosphatidylethanolamine (Rh-PE) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Birmingham, AL). Triton X-100 was obtained from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Phytosterol was provided from TAMA Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Its composition was ascertained using gas chromatography as β-sitosterol 46%, campesterol 25%, stigmasterol 21%, brassicasterol 3% and other sterols 5%.