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Osteoarthritis
Published in Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide, Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
Marc C. Hochberg, Virginia Byers Kraus, Stefan Lohmander, Ali Guermazi, Frank W. Roemer, Ali Mobasheri
Biochemical markers (also called molecular markers, signature molecules, or biomarkers) are biological molecules found in body fluids or tissues that may be used as indicators of physiological and pathophysiological processes. They can be defined as “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention” (77). Biomarkers may be used to see how well patients respond to new treatments and interventions for a disease or condition. In OA, biomarkers may be used to understand disease pathogenesis, study progression, and define the molecular endotypes (78, 79). Biomarkers have been used very effectively to identify molecular endotypes and clinical phenotypes in other disease areas. For example, in asthma, biomarkers have been used to identify phenotypes and endotypes that characterize severe asthma (80, 81). However, in the field of OA, we are lagging behind and need to catch up in order to enhance clinical trials and facilitate drug development. Biomarkers of early OA represent a major unmet need, and more research needs to be done to identify biomarkers that characterize early events in the pathogenesis of OA.
Study Limitations to Consider
Published in Lisa Chasan-Taber, Writing Grant Proposals in Epidemiology, Preventive Medicine, and Biostatistics, 2022
Almost all forms of exposure assessment are subject to some degree of misclassification. Potential misclassification (error) includes inaccuracies in exposure measurement. These include reliance on proxy respondents, self-report, or recall. Even biomarkers can be subject to error. For example, samples of stored urine and blood can degrade over time. In addition, a biomarker may not be truly reflective of your exposure of interest—or may be influenced by other factors. For example, blood levels of vitamin D are influenced not only by diet but also by sunlight exposure. As you can see from Figure 14.2, nondifferential misclassification of exposure minimizes the differences between the exposed and unexposed groups, making them seem more similar in regard to their disease experience than they actually are. Therefore, nondifferential misclassification typically results in an underestimate of any true association between exposure and disease.
The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
A biomarker is a measurable indicator of the presence of a disease state in an organism, and is defined as a physical, cellular, biochemical, or molecular alteration in cells or tissues that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological or pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention.
Colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis: omics-based technologies for development of a non-invasive blood-based method
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2021
María Gallardo-Gómez, Loretta De Chiara, Paula Álvarez-Chaver, Joaquin Cubiella
A biomarker can be defined as an objectively measurable substance that serves as an indicator of a biological or a pathological state. When applied to a disease process, a biomarker can be used in diagnosis, prognosis or to predict response to a pharmacological agent [7]. A biomarker must improve life expectancy or quality of life to be of use in clinical practice [8]. Although the diagnosis of CRC and detection and resection of the precursor lesions – adenomas and serrated lesions – are based on colonoscopy, diagnostic biomarkers have emerged as an alternative strategy to minimize colonoscopy-associated risks, increase the acceptance of any diagnostic or preventive strategy and to reduce the economic costs. Nowadays, the best-evaluated and most widely accepted CRC diagnostic biomarker is fecal hemoglobin, measured with quantitative immunochemical tests (FIT). Its efficacy has been demonstrated in CRC detection, screening, and prevention [9–11].
Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Mohsin Amin, Shiying Tang, Liliana Shalamanova, Rebecca L. Taylor, Stephen Wylie, Badr M. Abdullah, Kathryn A. Whitehead
Periodontitis, chronic kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer represent some of the most prevalent diseases within human populations. There is an urgent need to detect such diseases in their early stages before they are able to progress and cause harm. The utilization of disease-specific biomarkers may provide valuable diagnostic information that can aid clinical decision-making thus, increasing the potential of early interventions. Polyamines demonstrate a potential group of biomarkers that have been suggested to provide clinical evidence of active disease. Furthermore, oral diseases, namely periodontitis, have also been suggested to demonstrate significant correlations towards the incidence of systemic diseases (diseases which may be influenced due to transient bacteraemia and the distal deposition of oral microbial metabolites such as the polyamines), resulting in the metastatic spread of infection which induces systemic inflammatory reactions. Thus, the utilization of polyamine based biomarkers in oral fluids may be a potential application that requires further exploration.
Assessment of prognostic value of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) protein in ovarian cancer
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2021
Sahar Hakamy, Mourad Assidi, Mohammad A. Jafri, Taoufik Nedjadi, Heba Alkhatabi, Abrar Al-Qahtani, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Khalid Sait, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Adeel Chaudhary
OC remains the deadliest gynecological cancer due to the lack of early detection and/or effective treatments. Current OC management strategies based on clinical manifestations, such as age, tumor grade, lymph vascular invasion, lymph node involvement and tumor size are not enough to enhance recovery or minimize disease’s relapse. This context reflects the complexity of OC diseases and the multifactorial characteristics that made their management challenging. As a result, laudable efforts have been made by the scientific community to demystify the OC molecular complexity using several high-throughput technologies developed in the post-genomics era. Since biomarkers are indicators that may reflect the biological processes of health and disease, they are often associated with clinical manifestations and/or disease outcome. Consequently, the identification and evaluation of potential biomarker(s) involved in the OC onset, progression, metastasis and/or drug resistance is useful towards early diagnosis, prognosis and better OC management [24,25].