Cancer
Sally Robinson in Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Bone marrow produces red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. Blood cells begin life as immature stem cells inside the marrow. Lymphoid stem cells develop into white blood cells called lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells develop into white blood cells (monocytes and granulocytes), red blood cells and platelets. A mutation in the stem cells will cause the production of abnormal blood cells. These do not form tumours but accumulate in the blood stream. Leukaemia is cancer of white blood cells. Acute forms develop very quickly, and chronic forms develop slowly. Acute myeloid leukaemia starts with immature, abnormal myeloid blood cells in the bone marrow (Figure 14.2)Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia starts with immature, abnormal lymphocytes in the bone marrowChronic lymphocytic leukaemia starts with almost mature, abnormal lymphocytesChronic myeloid leukaemia starts with almost mature, abnormal granulocytes
Skeletal System
David Sturgeon in Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Healthcare Students, 2018
One of the reasons that long bones are relatively light in comparison to the area they occupy is that the diaphysis is hollow and encloses the medullary or marrow cavity (Figure 4.7). This is lined with a thin vascular membrane known as endosteum and contains yellow bone marrow. In order to prevent bone from becoming unnecessarily thick during growth, osteoclasts reabsorb bone from the endosteal surface as new bone is added to the periosteal side. The epiphyses of long bones also contain a high proportion of spongy bone which provides room for red bone marrow. At birth, all bone marrow is red but as we grow older much of it is transformed into yellow marrow (essentially stored fat). In adults, red marrow is also found in flat bones such as the pelvis (hip bones), sternum (breast bone), scapulae (shoulder blades) and ribs. Red bone marrow produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), platelets (thrombocytes) and white blood cells (leucocytes) and will be discussed in greater detail in Chapter 5. The body can convert yellow marrow back into red marrow to increase blood cell production if necessary. Conversely, those suffering from anorexia or anorexia nervosa may convert red marrow to yellow marrow in order to offset the reduction in body fat elsewhere. However, this is an extreme response to malnutrition and can contribute to calcium and other mineral loss from the spongy bone that results in reduced bone mass (osteoporosis).
Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Nira Ben-Jonathan in Dopamine, 2020
Bone is a metabolically active tissue composed of several cell types, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are involved in the creation and mineralization of bone tissue while osteocytes are mostly inactive, and are in contact with other cells in the bone through gap junctions. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breakdown of bone by the process of bone resorption. Osteoblasts and osteocytes are derived from osteoprogenitor cells. They are connective tissue cells found at the surface of bone, which can be stimulated to proliferate and differentiate. Osteoclasts are large, multinucleate cells formed through the fusion of precursor cells. They are derived from a monocyte stem-cell lineage and similar to macrophages have phagocytic properties. As discussed in Chapter 9, the bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.
Protective effect of chrysin, a flavonoid, on the genotoxic activity of carboplatin in mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Basit L. Jan, Ajaz Ahmad, Altaf Khan, Muneeb U. Rehman, Khalid M. Alkharfy
Bone-marrow is a rich source of both hematopoietic and stromal stem-cells as well as the place where they differentiate in an adult cell population (Acton 2013). These cells are extremely sensitive to mutagenic agents and therefore highly susceptible to damage to the DNA, which can induce mutations and genomic disarray and can be particularly hazardous in undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow (Antunes 1999). If these cells stay alive and multiply, the perils of a secondary cancer become considerably higher (Travis et al. 1996). The primary objective during chemotherapy is to avoid damaging the noncancer cells from the unfavorable side-effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. The benefit of using naturally occurring edible antioxidants can reduce the incidence of these harmful effects and some may infact help in preventing the damage to the DNA caused by these drugs according to many studies (Mora et al. 2002).
Down-regulation of pluripotency and expression of SSEA-3 surface marker for mesenchymal Muse cells by in vitro expansion passaging
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2019
Ali M. Fouad, Mahmoud M. Gabr, Elsayed K. Abdelhady, Sahar A. Rashed, Sherry M. Khater, Mahmoud M. Zakaria
Stem cells can be divided as embryonic and non-embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are the gold standard for pluripotent stem cells which can differentiate into the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). In the developing embryo, pluripotent stem cells are the origin of somatic and germline cells [1]. Adult stem cells as embryonic stem cells are all undifferentiated cells. However, the differentiation capacity of adult stem cells is limited to its origin. Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells are the main identified types of adult stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood and are capable of generating all cell lineage found in mature blood [2]. While mesenchymal stem cells, in the suitable environment have the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes [3], and can be obtained from bone marrow as a primary source, fat tissue and umbilical cord [4]. In 2006, a scientific breakthrough was performed by Yamanaka and colleagues after generating pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells by genetic manipulation with pluripotent markers, these cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [5].
Insights into endotoxin-mediated lung inflammation and future treatment strategies
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2018
Amlan Chakraborty, Jennifer C. Boer, Cordelia Selomulya, Magdalena Plebanski, Simon G. Royce
Myeloid lineage cells are usually the first to respond to the invasion of a pathogen and communicate the presence of an insult to cells of the lymphoid lineage. Their origin lies with the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells. Myeloid cells can recognize damage and PAMPs through the help of germline-encoded surface receptors. When the cells lose their ability to self-renewal, they are committed to one single type of development. The myeloid lineage comprises of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, mast cells, and DCs. The commitment associated with progenitor cells depends on the growth factors and cytokines. As discussed above, when induced, they express costimulatory molecules for T lymphocyte activation. A network of cells is present in the bone marrow which is responsible for providing the microenvironment for hematopoiesis; these are known as stromal cells [64]. The primary and most significant function of the myeloid system is in providing innate immunity to the body [65]. The receptors of the cells participating in innate immunity recognize broad structural motifs that are highly conserved within microbial species but are generally absent from the host. These receptors are the pattern recognition receptors (described previously). The cells of the innate immune system have been found to secrete cytokines that have different targets and functions. For example, the cytokines secreted by the Mφs in Section 3.1 include pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α [65].
Related Knowledge Centers
- Blood Cell
- Bone
- Haematopoiesis
- Stromal Cell
- Tissue
- Vertebra
- Sternum
- Pelvis
- Rib Cage
- Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue