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Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
For diagnosis of bladder cancers, urinalysis, urine cytology, cystoscopy, and excretory urography are done to detect malignant cells. Biopsy and clinical staging are required. Low-stage tumors make up 75% of bladder cancers. When a biopsy reveals the tumor to be more invasive, another biopsy is required that includes muscle tissue. A stage T2 or higher tumor that invades the muscle requires abdominal and pelvic CT as well as chest X-ray.
MODELS TO AID IN PLANNING CANCER SCREENING PROGRAMS
Published in Richard G. Cornell, Statistical Methods for Cancer Studies, 2020
Michael Shwartz, Alonzo L. Plough
d. Othifi c.ance/14. The chest x-ray and sputum cytology are the two screening tests sufficiently well developed for consideration as modalities to screen for lung cancer. Controlled trials are being undertaken to evaluate these modalities. So far, there are no indications that screening with these techniques will reduce mortality from lung cancer and, at this point,one must be pessimistic about their potential value. Urinalysis and urine cytology are two potential screening techniques for bladder cancer. There is little information available on the efficacy of these techniques.
Bladder cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
In these fast-track haematuria clinics, patients will be assessed by clinical history, urine cytology, upper tract imaging, and flexible cystoscopy. There appears to be some difference in detection rates of urological malignancy in patients with dipstick haematuria who are investigated in primary care compared with those referred to hospital haematuria clinics (5,6). Urine cytology alone is of limited usefulness in diagnosing low-grade and low-stage tumours and must be combined with other procedures. High-grade malignant urothelial cancer has tumour cells with lower cohesive potential which are more readily shed and therefore detected in the voided cytology samples. Imaging is most useful in detecting upper tract neoplasms such as renal cell carcinoma or ureteric obstruction with hydronephrosis in patients with advanced muscle-invasive bladder tumours. Ultrasound or CT intravenous urography is used. Cystoscopy in fast-track haematuria clinics is carried out with a flexible cystoscope under local anaesthetic. It allows visualization of the bladder mucosa and biopsy of suspicious areas. In patients with a known history of bladder cancer, treatment of small-volume disease and low-grade superficial tumours can be undertaken using laser ablation. Rigid cystoscopy is carried out under general or regional anaesthesia and is usually reserved for bladder lesions previously detected on imaging or if there is a high index of suspicion that multiple biopsies or resection of extensive superficial tumour will be required.
BK virus in kidney transplant recipients with graft dysfunction
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Doaa Mohamed Riad, Wafaa Kamel Mowafy, Hazem Hamed Saleh, Essam Mahmoud El Sawy, Noha Tharwat Abou El-Khier
Urine cytology: Cytology smears from urine samples of case group were performed. Standard smears were prepared from fresh voided morning urine samples, fixed in alcohol, and stained with Papanicolaou stain. When positive for Decoy cells, the number of cells was counted (Figure 1).Renal graft biopsies: Renal graft biopsies were performed for all patients in the case group.Immunostaining with SV40 m-Ab: SV40 m-Ab from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (USA) was used.
Optimizing outcomes and managing adverse events in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer: a clinical pharmacology perspective
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Pratap Singh, Anand Rotte, Anthony A. Golsorkhi, Sandhya Girish
The presence of abnormal cells in the urine upon cytological examination is the main diagnostic indicator of bladder cancer. While urine cytology is easy to obtain and has high sensitivity and specificity for high-grade lesions, it is a less sensitive diagnostic test for low-grade lesions and is therefore used as an adjunct test for the diagnosis of BC [9]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test that detects common chromosomal defects associated with cancers is another test used for the diagnosis and surveillance of BC. However, FISH also has low sensitivity with low-grade cancers and is used as a supportive diagnostic test. Computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to assess the internal organs for evidence of tumor mass are routinely used to detect BC. Biopsy of the tumor or transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) specimen that includes detrusor muscle to differentiate between NMIBC and MIBC is used to further confirm BC and determine the stage of the cancer [9,10].
The diagnostic challenge of suspicious or positive malignant urine cytology findings when cystoscopy findings are normal: an outpatient blue-light flexible cystoscopy may solve the problem
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2021
Marie Andersson, Marthe Berger, Karsten Zieger, Per-Uno Malmström, Mats Bläckberg
Bladder cancer is among the most common cancers worldwide [1]. About 70% of these tumours are non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer at the time of diagnosis. These tumours have a high tendency to recur (50%) and may progress to muscle-invasive or metastatic disease (9%) within 5 years of diagnosis [2]. The relative risk of progression increases with higher tumour stage and grade groups. When malignancy of the bladder is suspected, the majority of tumours are detected with conventional white-light flexible cystoscopy (WLFC) and computerized tomography (CT) urography [3]. Urine cytology is used as an adjunct to cystoscopy and CT urography. The sensitivity of cytology varies with tumour grade; being high for high-grade lesions (about 90%), but low in low-grade lesions. The specificity of urine cytology is high (about 90%) [4].