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Paper 1
Published in Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw, The Final FRCR, 2020
Amanda Rabone, Benedict Thomson, Nicky Dineen, Vincent Helyar, Aidan Shaw
Findings that would be suggestive of orchitis would be hypoechoic echotexture and hypervascularity within the testicle itself. There may also be swelling and scrotal wall oedema. Orchitis is most commonly associated with epididymitis but can occur in isolation; for example in mumps. Although the left testicle is marginally bigger, there is frequently physiological asymmetry and without the other findings, orchitis cannot be confidently diagnosed.
The urinary tract and male reproductive system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Luis Beltran, Daniel M. Berney
Inflammation of the testis (orchitis) may be due to many infective agents. The most common viral cause is mumps in countries with no immunization programme, and orchitis is common in males with this infection. The viraemia in mumps also causes inflammation of other organs besides the salivary glands and testes (e.g. the pancreas and ovary), although clinical symptoms from these organs are uncommon. Mumps orchitis may lead to infertility.
The male reproductive system and hernias
Published in Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre, Handbook of Clinical Skills, 2019
Peter Kopelman, Dame Jane Dacre
Palpation of the scrotal contents aims to identify the normal structures and the relationship of any abnormality to these. Using both hands, each testicle is picked up in turn. The testicle itself is sensitive and requires gentle handling. It should have a uniform, rubbery consistency with no discrete lumps or areas of induration that might suggest a tumour. Diffuse enlargement and extreme tenderness of the testicle in an older man suggest orchitis, while a testicle that is very tender, drawn up towards the neck of the scrotum and lying transversely in an adolescent is likely to be torted.
Transmigration of macrophages through primary adult rat Sertoli cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Hassan Kabbesh, Muhammad A. Riaz, Alexandra D. Jensen, Georgios Scheiner-Bobis, Lutz Konrad
Spermatogenesis is a consecutive process generating hundreds of millions of sperm daily in adult males and takes place in the seminiferous tubules under the regulation of hormones and other factors.1 During spermatogenesis, spermatogenic cells express molecules which could be identified as “foreign” by the immune system, thus, the blood testis barrier (BTB) formed between Sertoli cells (SC) protect these advanced auto-immunogenic germ cells from the immune system and thus preserve the immune-privileged environment of the testis.12 Immune-privileged sites are found not only in testis, but also in the eye, the central nervous system, placenta and temporarily in the tumor-draining lymph nodes.3 Testis injuries may result in orchitis which causes infiltration of leukocytes into the seminiferous tubules and subsequent damage of the germ cells possibly resulting in infertility.4
The impact of COVID-19 on the male reproductive tract and fertility: A systematic review
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2021
Pallav Sengupta, Kristian Leisegang, Ashok Agarwal
There is little evidence suggesting SARS-CoV-2 viral presence in the male reproductive tract and that sexual transmission may occur. However, COVID-19 infections may have a negative impact on spermatogenesis and male fertility. The current evidence available suggests that non-specific mechanisms associated with the systemic and local reproductive immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus could explain the impact. This may also be associated with orchitis and associated testicular ultrasonography changes. COVID-19 may further decrease testosterone, which in turn exacerbates the inflammatory response. The clinical evaluation of male reproductive tract, seminal parameters and reproductive hormones are recommended in men undergoing fertility treatment. Any long-term negative impact on male reproduction remains unexplored and requires further future consideration.
Vasectomy reversal: a review on outcomes using a loupe-assisted vasovasostomy approach
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Manoj Ravindraanandan, Chea Tze Ong, Mohammed Elhadi, Wasim Mahmalji, Mehmood Akhtar
On follow-up at 3 months, one man had orchitis as a complication post procedure which was treated with oral antibiotics. There was no documented semen analysis for two patients who were lost to follow-up. The average sperm count in our group (n = 12) was 41.3 million per millilitre (median 29.95, range 2.7–107.8). Out of the 12 men, 75% (n = 9) were found to have positive sperm motility, and all had acceptable sperm morphology at follow-up. At 0.29 (Figure 1) and 0.3 (Figure 2), respectively, there is a very low to weak correlation between time after vasectomy and age, with sperm count. There is no further follow-up and therefore subsequent documentation on whether these men went on to conceive children is unknown.