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Endoscopic Evaluation of Neurogenic Bladder
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
Romain Caremel, Jacques Corcos
Often associated with chronic infections but also often not related to any obvious disease, cystitis glandularis (Figure 21.6) and cystitis follicularis (Figure 21.7) can be found during systematic cystoscopic evaluation.
Genitourinary and trunk
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
It is a multisystem disorder with anomalies that fall along a spectrum – bladder exstrophy epispadia complex. Features of bladder exstrophy include abdominal wall defect, separation of the symphysis pubis and absent anterior bladder wall and eversion of the bladder. There is an increased risk of carcinoma if left untreated due to cystitis glandularis.
Pathology of Human Bladder Cancer and Related Lesions
Published in George T. Bryan, Samuel M. Cohen, The Pathology of Bladder Cancer, 2017
Gilbert H. Friedell, George K. Nagy, Samuel M. Cohen
Extensive glandular metaplasia of the bladder epithelium is occasionally seen diffusely rather than in the more focal, cystic lesions of cystitis glandularis. The etiology of such metaplasia is unknown, but the epithelium in such foci may even have goblet cells.
Bladder Exstrophy Polyp: An Uncommon Entity in Surgical Pathology
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
In 2005, Novak et al. highlighted the importance of future surveillance of exstrophy patients with both urine cytology and cystoscopy as they are at increased risk of malignancy, particularly adenocarcinoma which is associated with cystitis glandularis [3]. Similarly, exstrophy patients have a much higher risk for the development of bladder adenocarcinoma with as much as 700-fold increase when compared to age matched general population [4]. Of note, a case of botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma arose in exstrophy bladder of a 9-month-old girl, which was initially thought to be an exstrophy polyp [1]. This case underlines the importance of microscopic examination of these polyps.
Bladder neoplasms and NF-κB: an unfathomed association
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Charles Emmanuel Jebaraj Walter, Sankari Durairajan, Kalaiselvi Periyandavan, George Priya Doss C, Dicky John Davis G, Hannah Rachel Vasanthi A, Thanka Johnson, Hatem Zayed
At the end of the 19th century, the relationship between inflammation and cancer was an expanding focus of research. Inflammatory conditions that occur before malignant changes are observed serve as one of the many probable triggers for some type of cancers. Conversely, an oncogenic change creates an inflammatory microenvironment that protects the progression of tumors in other types of cancer [17]. Inflammation is a self-limiting step, during which the cells are rescued from death due to damage caused by external factors or infection. Interstitial cystitis, proliferative cystitis (von Brunn’s nests), chronic cystitis, cystitis cystitica, cystitis glandularis, eosinophilic cystitis and follicular cystitis are a few inflammatory conditions that occur in the bladder (Figure 1). Interstitial cystitis (bladder pain syndrome) manifests suprapubic pain related to bladder filling, accompanied by an increased frequency of urination and other symptoms, with no urinary infection or other pathology. This condition results in classic inflammatory-type lesions that might appear microscopically with normal histology, mucosal ulceration, overlying fibrinous exudates and necrotic debris. The lamina propria is filled with chronic inflammatory cells, prominent mast cells, fibrosis and an absence of bacteria. There is a non-ulcer type of interstitial cystitis where the urothelium appears normal or can have multiple glomerulations [18]. The presence of von Brunn’s nests is observed in 85–95% of bladders, increasing with age. The nests consist of cytologically benign urothelium in the lamina propria with regular spacing extending to the same horizontal level at the base of proliferation. They sometimes extend with surface epithelium with minimal inflammation lacking a stromal reaction. The nested variant of urothelial carcinoma is mimicked in florid cases with no muscle invasion, which is usually mistaken for inverted papilloma, carcinoid tumors, paraganglioma and normal paraganglionic cells [19]. Cystitis glandularis is the transformation of mucosal cells lining the urinary bladder where they undergo glandular metaplasia (irritated tissues take on a gland form). These lesions are usually small microscopic foci that occasionally form raised intramucosal or polypoid lesions contained within the submucosa. They normally tend to bud from the surface mucosa and merge with von Brunn’s nests within the lamina propria and submucosa. Cystitis glandularis can be a non-mucinous and mucinous (intestinal) type. Individuals with diffuse intestinal-type cystitis glandularis are at an increased risk of developing bladder cancer. Like cystitis glandularis, cystitis cystica is a lesion arising from von Brunn’s nests but with a degenerated central cystic area [20].