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DRCOG OSCE for Circuit B Answers
Published in Una F. Coales, DRCOG: Practice MCQs and OSCEs: How to Pass First Time three Complete MCQ Practice Exams (180 MCQs) Three Complete OSCE Practice Papers (60 Questions) Detailed Answers and Tips, 2020
Sperm volume < 2 ml is called aspermia. Sperm density < 20 million ml-1 is called oligozoospermia (low count). Sperm motility < 50% progressively motile is called asthenozoospermia (low motility). Sperm morphology < 30% normal shapes is called teratozoospermia (low proportion to normal shape).
Semen Analysis
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Meaghanne K. Caraballo, Alyssa M. Giroski, Rakesh Sharma, Ashok Agarwal
When a semen sample measures less than 0.5 mL it is referred to as hypospermia. This abnormality can be the result of many different underlying factors such as hypogonadism, retrograde ejaculation, and obstruction of the lower urinary tract or a congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. It is also important to note that the first couple of drops of ejaculate typically have a high sperm concentration. Any incomplete sample or split ejaculates must be reported by the patient and should be documented in the analysis report. An incomplete sample can account for reduced semen volumes. Some patients do not produce an ejaculate after orgasm and instead produce dry ejaculate. This is more commonly referred to as aspermia. An accurate record of semen volume is essential. The laboratory may use a graduated serological pipette, a graduated 15 mL conical centrifuge tube or weight for accuracy. The WHO recommends using a preweighed sterile collection container for the most accurate volume [3].
Alternative, non-IVF therapies
Published in Elisabeth Hildt, Dietmar Mieth, In Vitro Fertilisation in the 1990s, 2018
If the semen analysis is abnormal, further investigations should be performed according to the specific type of sperm anomaly: azoospermia, aspermia or another sperm abnormality (Campana et al. 1995). Azoospermia may be due to a primary testicular failure, a hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, or to an obstruction of seminal pathways. Primary testicular failure is a condition which cannot be reversed by medical or surgical treatment. In some cases, it is possible to aspirate spermatozoa directly from the testes, and to achieve fertilisation and subsequent pregnancy by ICSI (Silber et al. 1995). In contrast, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism can be treated with gonadotrophin therapy (Martin-du Pan and Campana 1993). Obstructive azoospermia can be treated in some cases by surgery, or, as an alternative, by sperm aspiration from the epididymis with subsequent ICSI (Silber et al. 1995). As is the case for azoospermia, other categories of semen abnormalities such as oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia require an etiologic diagnosis before suggesting either a medical or surgical treatment. In some cases a medical or surgical treatment may improve sperm quality. For example, prostatitis causes sperm abnormalities that may be successfully treated with a combination of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents. Patients with varicoceles may benefit from surgical revision. The most important therapeutic approaches for male infertility are listed in table 4.
The effect of micronutrient supplementation on spermatozoa DNA integrity in subfertile men and subsequent pregnancy rate
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Markus Lipovac, Verena Nairz, Judith Aschauer, Claus Riedl
This was a retrospective and comparative study that included 339 male partners (aged 18 to 65 years) of couples who had consulted the clinic from March 2011 to July 2018 because of infertility. All included males must have had two sperm analyses as a standard procedure according to WHO guidelines. Indeed, a sperm analysis must be repeated in order to validate the initial diagnosis of infertility. In addition to the baseline sperm analysis, a SCD test must have been performed. All subjects with abnormal testing’s were offered the active treatment, in addition to lifestyle changes (i.e. healthy diet, exercise, and quit toxic habits such as alcohol, cigarette, illicit drugs, etc.). Those who decided for the active therapy must also have proven compliance for the intake of the standardized micronutrient compound. Exclusion criteria was azoospermia, aspermia, varicocele, and recent urogenital infections.
Perinatal outcome in children born after assisted reproductive technologies
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020
Ulla-Britt Wennerholm, Christina Bergh
There seems to be no difference in the rate of birth defects in children conceived by ICSI using non-ejaculated sperm compared with ICSI using ejaculated sperm (59–61). The rate of major birth defects in children conceived where the fathers had non-obstructive azoospermia, obstructive azoospermia, and aspermia (n = 359 children) was assessed in a nationwide Norwegian study (62). Birth defects were not significantly associated with sperm origin or the cause of male-factor infertility.