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Current trends in sexual assault medical forensic exams and examiners
Published in Rachel E. Lovell, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Sexual Assault Kits and Reforming the Response to Rape, 2023
Julie L. Valentine, Nancy R. Downing
Standardized recommendations for SAK contents and instructions are published in national guidelines (Office on Violence Against Women, 2013, 2016; National Institute of Justice, 2017). Oversight and established reviews of SAKs and SAFME paperwork should be conducted by designated agencies in each jurisdiction. Current guidelines do not recommend the inclusion of slides in SAKs to create smears for the evaluation of spermatozoa. Forensic laboratories have improved analysis methods to detect spermatozoa. With the increased concern of DNA cross-contamination, as mentioned previously, masks and gloves should be included in SAKs for use by forensic examiners.
Meiotic Abnormalities in Infertile Males
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Mireia Solé, Francesca Vidal, Joan Blanco, Zaida Sarrate
Meiotic arrest, characterized by the presence of unexpected proportions of some spermatogenic stages, has been described by different authors in infertile patients [22,46]. The activation of checkpoints at pachytene and metaphase I/anaphase I would arrest and remove cells with meiotic abnormalities [47]. Depending on the severity of the alterations and the effectiveness of control mechanisms, a total or partial arrest of spermatogenesis could occur, resulting in azoospermia or more or less severe oligozoospermia. It is expected that a low number of spermatozoa is related to an increased rate of chromosome abnormalities, probably due to the inefficiencies in control mechanisms.
The Journey of the Porcine Spermatozoa from Its Origin to the Fertilization Site: The Road In Vivo vs. In Vitro
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Cristina Soriano-Úbeda, Francisco Alberto García-Vázquez, Carmen Matás
The epididymal influences on spermatozoa maturation and storage have two clear objectives: (i) promoting the ability of spermatozoa to respond appropriately to conditions within the female genital tract so they can fertilize the oocyte, and (ii) preventing this response within the male tract itself (Cooper, 1986). This state of inactivity also is associated with low extracellular pH in the cauda epididymis (pH ~6.2) resulting from a low bicarbonate (HCO-3) concentration of ~3–4 mmol/L (Okamura et al., 1985; Rodriguez-Martinez et al., 1990).
Radio-Protective effect of aminocaproic acid in human spermatozoa
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Timur Saliev, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Shynar Tanabayeva, Yelena Assanova, Dinmukhamed Toishybek, Aigul Kazybayeva, Baimakhan Tanabayev, Marat Sikhymbaev, Aliya Alimbayeva, Yerzhan Toishibekov
It has been already demonstrated that ionizing radiation affects all stages of the spermatogenesis process (Wdowiak et al. 2019; David and Orwig 2020; Fuciarelli and Rollo 2021). Spermatogenesis is a complex physiological process of cell differentiation where diploid germ cell spermatogonia undergo proliferation and differentiation stages. Finally, it leads to the transformation of the spermatogonia into haploid spermatozoa. In the context of radio-sensitivity, the most vulnerable cell type is spermatogonia followed by spermatocytes and spermatids (young spermatozoa). Spermatozoa were used as a model for the presented study. Such a choice was dictated by the availability of sperm samples and the convenience of the laboratory experiments. However, future studies are needed to scrutinize the radio-protective effect of EACA on all phases of spermatogenesis.
Sperm motility in asthenozoospermic semen samples can be improved by incubation in a continuous single culture medium (CSCM®)
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Caroline Ranéa, Juliana Risso Pariz, Joël R. Drevet, Jorge Hallak
Despite the recommendations of the WHO task force ((WHO) World Health Organization 2010) with regard to gamete manipulation in IVF clinics, it is clear that there is still room for improvement. The search for better basic and advanced laboratory procedures could be a valuable approach to increase pregnancy success rates (Edwards et al. 1980; Palermo et al. 1992; Quinn 2004). The existence of a handful of factors that may negatively influence gamete quality during semen sample handling and spermatozoa preparation for IVF is acknowledged, yet not all have been adequately addressed. Factors that may impact sperm quality include: media composition in which spermatozoa are resuspended after collection and liquefaction; incubation time in preparation media; temperature and mechanical constraints during centrifugation steps; and the presence of leucocytes even at concentrations considered normal according to WHO standards (Yavas and Selub 2004; Athayde et al. 2007; Boomsma et al. 2007; Marchesi et al. 2010; Franken et al. 2011; Monteiro et al. 2016). Of note is that laboratory protocols for IVF/ICSI recommend sperm incubation at 37°C in 5% carbon dioxide (CO2) in various commercial culture media (Biggers, Whitten, and Whittingham [BWW®]; Earle®, Ham-F-10®, Human Tubal Fluid [HTF®]) that were primarily optimized for oocyte/embryo culture (Calamera et al. 2001; Cicaré et al. 2014; Thijssen et al. 2014; Hosseini and Khalili 2017; Ahmed et al. 2018).
Bacterial communities in bovine ejaculates and their impact on the semen quality
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2021
Michal Ďuračka, Ljubica Belić, Katarína Tokárová, Jana Žiarovská, Miroslava Kačániová, Norbert Lukáč, Eva Tvrdá
Spermatozoa motility, count, and concentration were evaluated with the help of the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA; Version 14.0 TOX IVOS II.; Hamilton–Thorne Biosciences, Beverly, MA, USA). Prior to the analysis, each sample was diluted in a ratio of 1:40 with physiological saline solution (sodium chloride 0.9% w/v, Bieffe Medical, Grosotto, Italy). Ten microliters were put into the pre-warmed (37°C) Makler counting chamber (depth 10 µm; Sefi Medical Instruments, Haifa, Israel). Sperm motility, count, and concentration were objectively measured in 10 fields, counting a minimum of 30 cells/fields at a frame rate of 60 Hz and a magnification of 175x. The sperm count is defined in billions, while the cell concentration is expressed in 106 sperm cells/mL, and the motility is defined as the percentage of motile sperm (≥5 µm/s).