China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Vaccine Adjuvants in Immunotoxicology
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Immunotoxicology is the discipline that investigates the adverse effects of exposure to xenobiotics in an organism on the immune system (Germolec et al. 2017). Studies on animals and humans showed that the immune system was a potential target for a variety of chemicals (Luster 2013). It was suggested with the definition of regulator agents that the immune system was an important target for chemicals and drugs (Germolec et al. 2017; Luster 2013; Verdier 2002). Therefore, drug-induced toxicity and immunotoxicology is a growing sub-discipline of toxicity.
Dermal Hypersensitivity: Immunologic Principles and Current Methods of Assessment
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Other delayed-type hypersensitivity tests, such as the tuberculin skin test, suffer from nonstandardized antigens that are crudely prepared and contribute to varying responses that enable only a semiquantitative measure of reactivity.188 The National Academy of Sciences recently convened a workshop on biomarkers of immunotoxicology, and recommendations for standardization of both test allergens and methods were one goal and anticipated product of the expert panel.
Effects
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Although not comprehensive, the tables and definitions are useful for interpreting the events that occur in immunotoxicology. They also are particularly helpful to appreciate the basic interactions of drugs and the immune system and supplement the forthcoming information involving toxicokinetic interactions.
Immunosafety evaluation in Juvenile Göttingen Minipigs
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2022
Linda Allais, Alicia Perbet, Fabienne Condevaux, Jean-Paul Briffaux, Marc Pallardy
The immunosuppression was still observed in both tests, though much less pronounced, 1-mo after the end of the treatment period, and in the TDAR test for the adult pigs despite a 5-mo off-treatment period. The only published immunotoxicology study performed in Göttingen minipigs (van Mierlo et al. 2013) also included ex-vivo lymphocyte proliferation and TDAR tests among other functional tests. One group of 3.0–3.5-mo-old animals was treated with CsA at 20 mg/kg/day for 39/40 days. The CsA-related changes noted in that study (in young adult minipigs) were not as severe as those seen in the pre-weaned piglets here treated for 4 weeks at only half of the adult dose level. This disparity in outcomes re-emphasizes the importance of appropriate dose level selection when conducting juvenile animal toxicology studies.
Toxic effects of pesticides on cellular and humoral immunity: an overview
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Larissa Vivan Cestonaro, Sandra Manoela Dias Macedo, Yasmin Vendrusculo Piton, Solange Cristina Garcia, Marcelo Dutra Arbo
Toxicology, a science that studies the harmful effects resulting from the interactions of chemical substances with the organism, has been gaining ample space due to the growing concern with the safety of chemical substances in humans and in the environment [1]. In the late 1970s, interactions between the immune system and modulations mediated by chemicals were discovered [2], establishing the relationships between exposures to these compounds and possible changes in lymphoid tissues, cell populations, and the function of immune responses, subsequently affecting the health of exposed individuals, resulting in the field of immunotoxicology [1].
A T-dependent antibody response evaluation in CD-1 mice after an acute whole-body inhalation exposure to nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Samuel Buxton, Michael D. Taylor, Jeffrey T. Weinberg, James M. Randazzo, Vanessa L. Peachee, Adriana Oller
To protect workers and the general public from the inhalation toxicities associated with Ni, occupational and ambient air standards have been set that take into account the acute or chronic nature of the exposure and the differences in potency among the various chemical forms of Ni. For chronic effects, respiratory cancer is always the driving force for setting standards for Ni compounds. For acute effects, different health endpoints were chosen by different agencies. The Graham et al. (1978) study, the only acute immunotoxicity study using a physiological route of exposure (i.e. nose-only inhalation), was selected by the California OEHHA in 2012 to set the acute 1-hr Ni Reference Exposure Level (REL) and as a supporting study for the 8-hr nickel REL. The same study was used in 2013 by the Government of Quebec (Canada) to set a 24-hr Ni REL under the Clean Air regulation. However, the 1978 Graham study was not suited for risk assessment in regulatory settings. It was conducted prior to issuance of the first immunotoxicology testing guideline by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 1998). In the hemolytic plaque or Antibody-Forming Cell (AFC) assay guideline, two endpoints, i.e. Specific Activity [AFC/106 spleen cells] and Total Spleen Activity [AFC/spleen (× 103)] – were recommended for evaluation of study results. Only Specific Activity was determined in the 1978 Graham study. The test guideline of 1998 indicated a need for use of a positive control, but this was not included in the 1978 study. Furthermore, regarding the REL from the Government of Quebec, the length of exposure (2-hr) in the Graham study was not comparable to the duration of the 24-hr air standard, thereby requiring duration of exposure extrapolations and increasing the uncertainty of the standard.