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Nanoparticles of Marine Origin and Their Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Fatemeh Sedaghat, Morteza Yousefzadi, Reza Sheikhakbari-Mehr
Water pollution with organic pollutants has significantly increased as a result of the expansion of urban, agricultural, industrial, and manmade activities. Organic pollutants are comprised of broad groups of chemical pollutants mainly made up of carbon and hydrogen with smaller amounts of other atoms such as halogens, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. Xenobiotics like pesticides, insecticides, synthetic dyes, pharmaceuticals, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and phenols are typical organic pollutants [Gautam et al., 2019].
A Review on L-Asparaginase
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Many of the investigations focused on the variability in the genetic level in xenobiotic metabolism. The development of ALL may be affected by the DNA repair pathways and functions of cell-cycle checkpoints that might depend on dietary, environmental and other external factors. Although there are a limited number of investigations, reports exist to support a possible role for polymorphisms in the genes that are coding for cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H) quinone oxidoreductase, serine hydroxymethyltransferase, thymidylate synthase and cell-cycle inhibitors.
An Overview of Molecular Nutrition
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Vincent W. Li, Catherine Ward, Delaney K. Schurr
During the course of absorption, phytochemicals such as polyphenols are conjugated in the small intestine and later in the liver. This process mainly includes methylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. This is a metabolic detoxication process common to many xenobiotics that restricts their potential toxic effects and facilitates their biliary and urinary elimination by increasing their hydrophilicity. Quercetin, catechin, caffeic acid, and luteolin are some of the polyphenols known to undergo this metabolism process. Dietary fiber is generally associated with phytonutrients in plant foods. Fiber may stimulate intestinal fermentation, which could influence the production of particular microbial metabolites. Hydroxy-cinnamic acids, which are naturally esterified in foods and thus cannot be absorbed in the small intestine, depend upon colonic microflora to break the ester bonds to allow for absorption in the large intestine. And the flavonoid, rutin, is complexed with the polysaccharide rhamnose. This linkage prevents absorption from occurring until colonic microflora can break the rhamnose molecule.
Interaction of drugs with gut microbiota modulators
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2023
Metabolism involves the biochemical modification of xenobiotics, including drugs, by living organisms (Lu 2007; Benet et al. 2019). In humans, the main xenobiotics-metabolizing organ is known to be the liver (Ito et al. 1998; Nakanishi and Tamai 2015). The liver generally metabolizes xenobiotics into hydrophilic compounds, which are more excretable than parental xenobiotics (Nakanishi and Tamai 2015; Almazroo et al. 2017; Guthrie and Kelly 2019). However, recent studies suggest that the xenobiotics-metabolizing potential of gut microbiota is comparable to that of the liver (Kim 2015; Weersma et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2021). Gut microbiota metabolize xenobiotics into hydrophobic compounds, which are absorbable compared to parental xenobiotics (Kim 2015; Almazroo et al. 2017; Guthrie and Kelly 2019; Zhang et al. 2021). These findings suggest that gut microbiota play an important role in the bioavailability of xenobiotics.
Andrographis paniculata mitigates first-line anti-tubercular drugs-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Varsha Sharma, Radhika Sharma, Vijay Lakshmi Sharma
Drugs as xenobiotics are liable for a wide range of adverse effects besides their curative potential on the human body against various diseases. Disposition of orally administrated drug involves absorption in the blood and gastrointestinal tract, and its biotransformation in the liver that is primarily performed by xenobiotic enzymes system. In drug metabolism, enzymes of phase I and phase II systems are actively involved in the metabolic activation of drugs and detoxification, respectively. By the action of phase I enzymes, xenobiotics are firstly converted into active intermediates subsequently with the aid of phase II enzymes these intermediates are conjugated with endogenous cofactors and excreted out with urine. RMs are not only acting as inducers or inhibitors for the enzymes involved in drug metabolism but also one of the factors for the production of ROS. Different reactive forms, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical are normally and continuously formed inside the cell during the normal course of aerobic metabolism, detoxification, chemical signalling, and immune functioning. ROS-mediated oxidative stress is devastated by the antioxidant defense system of our body that includes glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase. Reactive intermediates of drug metabolism and collapse in the antioxidant defense system could influence the composition of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid of the cell (Valko et al. 2006).
Formaldehyde toxicity reports from in vitro and in vivo studies: a review and updated data
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Letícia Bernardini, Eduardo Barbosa, Mariele Feiffer Charão, Natália Brucker
Dahlgren and Talbott (2018) observed developing asthma from repeated occupational exposure to high levels of FA in hairdressers exposed to hair smoothing products. The effects of occupational exposure to FA in salon workers, with different exposure levels, also was investigated by Barbosa et al. (2019). This study indicated that FA plays a part in increasing global DNA methylation, although the specific mechanisms remain unknown. These results suggested that even low levels of exposure may contribute to epigenetic changes in individuals occupationally exposed to FA. Peteffi et al. (2016) also evaluated workers of beauty salons and found an increase in genotoxicity biomarkers due to the use of hair straightening products containing FA. Furthermore, the toxicity effect of xenobiotics exposure depends on individual susceptibility. Thus, gene polymorphisms have a critical role in individual susceptibility and could influence risk factors associated with pathologies (Zhang et al. 2013, Zendehdel et al. 2016).