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Consumer Safety Considerations of Cosmetic Preservation*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Corie A. Ellison, Alhaji U. N’jai, Donald L. Bjerke
Toxicology is the study of deleterious effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on living organisms. The degree to which these deleterious effects are manifested is dependent on several factors such as species or strain of the organism exposed, stage of development of the organism when tested, compound or physical effect to which the organism is exposed, duration of exposure, frequency of exposure, route of exposure, and site of exposure.
Historical Review
Published in Gary M. Matoren, The Clinical Research Process in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2020
Donald D. Vogt, Michael Montagne
One indication of the dynamic development of the preclinical sciences is exemplified by the dramatic restructuring of pharmacology. In 1926, pharmacology was considered to be that part of physiology which was concerned with the actions of substances other than foods upon the living orangism. Pharmacology was modestly defined by some as "all scientific knowledge concerning drugs" [17]. Toxicology was described as the detection of the effects of poisons and the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning. Almost 30 years later, the mainstream of academic pharmacology and toxicology still retained much of this global scope [18].
Introduction
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
General toxicology involves the broad application of toxins and their interaction with biological systems. As with any scientific, biomedical, or clinical discipline, however, the term general toxicology has lost its popularity and has been replaced by more specialized fields of study. With the development of advanced methodologies in biotechnology, the requirement for increased training in the field has made it necessary to accommodate the discipline with an expanding body of specialties. Thus, a variety of adjectives evolved to further define the particular disciplines within the toxicological framework.
Multi-organ system failure secondary to difluoroethane toxicity in a patient “huffing” air duster: a case report
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Benjamin Fogelson, David Qu, Milind Bhagat, Paul R Branca
The patient’s family was concerned about substance misuse given that the patient had a recent increase in depression over the past few months. On further discussion with the patient, she reported that for the past few months she was inhaling or “huffing” cans of air duster. According to the patient, her use of inhalants developed to assist with abstaining from consuming alcohol. With this new finding, the state Poison Control was immediately contacted for management and treatment recommendations. Aggressive supportive care was ultimately recommended by Poison Control and Toxicology with close monitoring for cardiovascular, respiratory, and/or neurologic decompensation. Nephrology was consulted given the patient’s acute kidney injury, severe acidosis, and hyperkalemia. Unfortunately, difluoroethane, the primary contents of refrigerant-based propellant cleaners or air dusters, is non-dialyzable and there are no specific antidotes. Given evidence of myocardial injury with an elevated troponin, an echocardiogram was ordered which showed a globally reduced left ventricular systolic function with an ejection fraction of 45-50%. Cardiology was also consulted given concerns for a non-ST segment myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) with a reduced ejection fraction and elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Frequent comprehensive metabolic panels were ordered to closely monitor her renal function, hepatic function, and electrolyte abnormalities.
Failure of chelator-provoked urine testing results to predict heavy metal toxicity in a prospective cohort of patients referred for medical toxicology evaluation
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Stephanie T. Weiss, Sharan Campleman, Paul Wax, William McGill, Jeffrey Brent
Medical toxicology is a highly specialized discipline, and the formal outpatient evaluation of patients with potentially consequential toxicologic exposure is relatively uncommon. This is evidenced by the fact that the participating site clinics reported seeing a total of only 2946 non addiction clinic patients over a time period of 7.5 years. Although medical toxicology clinics do occasionally encounter patients who present with the results of PUT, these patients are seen relatively infrequently by mainstream medical practitioners, including medical toxicologists. The ToxIC case registry, aggregating the prospective experience of medical toxicologists from dozens of different sites, allowed for the accumulation of a relatively large number of cases of patients who have been evaluated and had their diagnoses ascertained by a board-certified medical toxicologist.
Aloe vera and artemisia vulgaris hydrogels: exploring the toxic effects of structural transformation of the biocompatible materials
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Taskeen Frasat, Ume Ruqia Tulain, Alia Erum, Uzma Saleem, Muhammad Farhan Sohail, Rizwana Kausar
Toxicology testing is preeminent in the screening of newly developed drugs, chemical substances, and materials prior to their use in humans that estimate their potential hazards that are likely to occur upon their administration [1]. Moreover, toxicity evaluation is among the most important part of product registration with FDA, ensuring the patient’s safety upon utilization. Toxicity study, during the development phase, is performed on rodents due to their diversity to control the exposure, duration of exposure and detailed examination of all the tissues after necropsy. The data gathered thereafter can serve as the basis for the determination of possible hazards and limitations if any, for their applications [2]. A wide variety of tests are performed in different animal species with acute, sub-acute, or long-term testing through oral or invasive administration, followed by legitimate monitoring of physical and biochemical abnormalities and detailed postmortem examination at the end of the trial to check any gross or histological abnormalities [3,4].