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Emerging Oral Treatments: Oral Minoxidil for Androgenetic Alopecia
Published in Rubina Alves, Ramon Grimalt, Techniques in the Evaluation and Management of Hair Diseases, 2021
Jared Marc John, Rodney Sinclair
Despite the paucity of high-power studies, oral minoxidil is a safe and reasonable alternative in patients who are intolerant or non-adherent to topical minoxidil use. Clinical response was observed at dosages of 0.25 mg daily in both genders, however higher dosages may be required in male patients and slow responders. It may be prescribed as monotherapy or with other AGA medications and adjunct therapies to improve response rates. Adverse effects are mild, and dose related. Sublingual administration of minoxidil may increase its bioavailability without increasing the risk of adverse effects.
General Principles of Clinical Psychopharmacology in Children and Adolescents
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
It is crucial to periodically monitor effectiveness and tolerability, based, if possible, on different sources of information, e.g. patient, parents and teachers. Guidance is available to manage the common adverse effects that may happen during treatment with medication (Cortese et al., 2013). The key concept to consider is that underestimating the side-effects of a medication can lead to harm, but overestimating them, or not knowing how to manage them, could mean that the patient may not benefit from effective medications.
Drug Delivery
Published in David A. Walker, Giorgio Perilongo, Roger E. Taylor, Ian F. Pollack, Brain and Spinal Tumors of Childhood, 2020
Gudrun Fleischhack, Martin Garnett, Kévin Beccaria
In the Canadian experience, 29% of cases had at least 90% shrinkage of the cyst after bleomycin injection. However, benefit lasted less than 1 year in 41% of patients, leading to more definitive therapy in 30% within 1 year.184 In a French series of 24 patients, 70% were treated successfully with bleomycin only (follow-up ranged from 2 to 10 years). One severe complication (blindness) was noted, due to incorrect dilution of the drug.185 The most frequent adverse effects are transient fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, peritumoral edema, fatigue, and seizures. Cases of deafness, blindness, hypopituitarism and hypothalamic dysfunction, or skin lesions due to catheter misplacement have also been reported. Only one case of death directly related to bleomycin was reported.186
Asynchronous video supported treatment of tuberculosis is well adopted in a real-world setting – an observational study comparing two distinct applications
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Iiris Rajalahti, Hanna-Riikka Kreivi, Jukka Ollgren, Tuula Vasankari
Altogether 31 patients were recruited in two hospitals during the implementation period. One patient in HUH was excluded after discontinuing the treatment because of negative cultures and no verification of TB diagnosis. Thus, 30 patients accomplished VST. Baseline characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1. Four patients had resistance to 1–3 drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol, streptomycin). None of the patients had HIV-infection. Tuberculosis was confirmed by culture in 26 patients and by PCR in 3 patients. Treatment outcome was good in 93% of the cases. In one case treatment was interrupted due to severe adverse effects. In one culture-negative case treatment was continued as a TB preventive treatment (TPT) after two months, when no treatment response with full TB medication was detected. Hence, the precedingly accumulated data was included in the study.
The clinical evidence for postbiotics as microbial therapeutics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Alexis Mosca, Ana Teresa Abreu Y Abreu, Kok Ann Gwee, Gianluca Ianiro, Jan Tack, Thi Viet Ha Nguyen, Colin Hill
Chronic diarrhea is commonly caused by chronic functional diarrhea and chronic parasitic and bacterial infections in developing countries45 while in developed countries, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common cause affecting up to 15% of adults.46,47 Treatment often includes antibiotics and antimotility drugs, but they can be ineffective and cause adverse effects. Postbiotics could be a possible alternative. A recent randomized-controlled study showed that heat-treated Lactobacillus LB significantly improved chronic diarrhea and clinical symptoms compared with live lactobacilli (p < 0.05).48 Non-viable Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 has been found to substantially alleviate IBS and its symptoms compared with the placebo (p = 0 · 0007).49 Similarly, inactivated Lactobacillus LB plus fermented culture medium significantly decreased the number of weekly stools (p < 0.0001) and improved abdominal pain, bloating and quality of life in patients with IBS (p < 0.0001).50
Safety considerations with new antibacterial approaches for chronic bacterial prostatitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Gianpaolo Perletti, Alberto Trinchieri, Konstantinos Stamatiou, Vittorio Magri
This article will focus on antibacterial agents that may become possible options for the treatment of fluoroquinolone-resistant and/or trimethoprim-resistant CBP, but that raise some concerns about their safety. Our work will take into account the recommendations contained in two comprehensive systematic reviews of the literature concerning on-label and off-label therapy of CBP, namely the 2010 review by Lipsky and coworkers [17] and the recent 2020 review by Xiong and coworkers [18]. Importantly, the latter contains comprehensive and useful therapeutic algorithms that include several off-label, last-resort antibacterial agents that may be administered in the presence of multidrug-resistant pathogens. These agents are macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin), moxifloxacin, linezolid, aminoglycosides, and fosfomycin. As these drugs pose some safety concerns, they will be reviewed in this article. Where possible, advice for preventing the appearance of adverse effects will be given. For the sake of completeness, this review will also cover tigecycline, clindamycin, daptomycin, and vancomycin, which have been administered off-label in some complicated cases. The readers will notice that none of these agents is novel or recently developed. This is mainly due to the fact that the antibiotic research pipeline is dramatically drying out. Thus, the expression ‘new therapeutic approaches’ found in the title of this article may refer to new possible uses of drugs that may indeed be quite old.