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Environmental Toxins
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
A pesticide is a broad term used to describe a substance used to destroy insects or other organisms deemed harmful to cultivated plants. Pesticides can include herbicides, which help destroy weeds; insecticides, for controlling the insect population; and fungicides, which prevent the growth of molds and mildew. Because pesticides are often used in agriculture, humans are exposed to chemicals from pesticides in the food supply (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 2021). Some individuals, such as those who work on farms, are exposed to pesticides during the course of their daily work—through skin and mucous membrane exposure. Organic farming systems allow use of some biologically based pesticides that have not been shown to have the same problematic health effects as chemical-based pesticides (Benbrook & Davis, 2020).
Avoiding Risky Substances and Environmental Exposures
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Natasha DeJarnett, Neha Pathak
Environmental health services help ensure safe air to breathe, clean water to drink, and environments protected from disease-carrying vectors in communities worldwide. However, systemic racism undermines the health gains of environmental health services, causing inequities in the distribution of these essential public health services. Furthermore, systemic racism plays a role in where environmental health hazards are located. Race is the most powerful predictor of where hazardous toxic air, water, and soil exist in the United States. Hazardous industrial polluters and major roadways are more likely to be in close proximity to communities of color and impoverished communities. Because toxic exposures place a higher health burden on pregnant women, infants, children, and older adult women, hazardous exposures in these communities further magnify the health disparities already faced by these uniquely susceptible populations.
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The concern over adverse effects of strontium intake is based on the radiation damage, since strontium-90, present in nuclear fallout, is a potent environmental health hazard. Chemically, toxicity from strontium is almost nil. No adverse effects from industrial use have been reported.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Marc A. Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael J. Quinn, Amy Millikan Bell
Although the disposal of e-cig and other ENDS devices is not formally tracked, anecdotal reports and available information suggest that disposed e-cig refill pods and capsules are often littered (Hendlin 2018). A major concern is the potential for heavy metals, battery acid and nicotine residues to leach or leak from carelessly discarded and damaged devices or refill cartridges, and thus pose an environmental health risk (biohazard) to human populations and wildlife (Krause and Townsend 2015, WHO 2017a,2017b, Hendlin 2018). In the context of wildlife species, there is growing concern that damaged e-cig components and e-liquid pods might be consumed by infants and present a choking hazard, or consumed by birds or small mammals exposing them to the hazards of e-cig waste including acidic components with a capacity to inflict burns, and puncture or explosion hazards (Krause and Townsend 2015).
A controlled chamber study of effects of exposure to diesel exhaust particles and noise on heart rate variability and endothelial function
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Leo Stockfelt, Yiyi Xu, Anders Gudmundsson, Jenny Rissler, Christina Isaxon, Jonas Brunskog, Joakim Pagels, Patrik T. Nilsson, Margareta Berglund, Lars Barregard, Mats Bohgard, Maria Albin, Inger Hagerman, Aneta Wierzbicka
Air pollution is the single largest environmental health risk globally, responsible for millions of premature deaths annually, mainly in cardiovascular diseases (GBD 2020). One major source is road traffic, and traffic-related air pollution appears to be a specific source associated with cardiovascular risk (Brook et al. 2010). Road traffic noise is another ubiquitous environmental exposure, for which cardiovascular health effects have more recently been established (van Kempen et al. 2018; van Kamp et al. 2020). As road traffic is the main source of both these exposures, they are often highly correlated and difficult to disentangle in epidemiological studies. Knowledge of the specific effects of each exposure as well as of combined effects is needed for correct estimations of health effects and for effective policy decisions.
The methodological rigour of systematic reviews in environmental health
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
J. M. L. Menon, F. Struijs, P. Whaley
We employed a purposive SR sampling strategy aimed at covering a range of environmental health topics in a narrow, recent time window. We defined environmental health as “the investigation of associations between exposures to exogenous environmental challenges and health outcomes,” including toxicology and environmental epidemiology, as per our protocol (Menon et al. 2020). To be eligible for inclusion in the SR sample, documents had to fulfil the following criteria:identify explicitly as a “systematic review” in their title;assess the effect of a non-acute, non-communicable, environmental exposure on a health outcome;include studies in people or mammalian models;be available in HTML format;be published between 1 January 2019 and 30 June 2020.