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Medication: Nanoparticles for Imaging and Drug Delivery
Published in Harry F. Tibbals, Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, 2017
Microscale capsules have been fabricated to contain living cells. Nanoscale pores in the sides of the capsule cages allow small molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through, but can be sized to keep out antibodies and protect the enclosed cells from attack by macrophages. Assemblies of encapsulated cells, enclosed in silica gel [316], silicon [317-319], alumina [320,321], alginate [322], and other materials have been used. This type of encapsulation merges into bioengineering to make active tissue scaffold implants and bioartificial organs, which are being tested for effectiveness in various types of tissue implants ranging from pancreatic beta cells to bone marrow [323-327]. These larger scale forms of bioencapsulation and nano-bioengineering are discussed further in Chapters 7 and 8.
Organs
Published in Lisa Jean Moore, Monica J. Casper, The Body, 2014
Lisa Jean Moore, Monica J. Casper
Recently, scientists have developed bioartificial (also called biomechanical) organs from stem cells. These organs are made of synthetic material that has been “seeded” with human cells (Fountain 2012). Using a patient’s own cells to create the bioartificial organ minimizes organ rejection, as the patient’s immune system doesn’t recognize the organ as an intruder. A synthetic trachea was successfully transplanted in 2004 (Macchiarini et al. 2008).
Bioengineering lungs — current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Vishal Swaminathan, Barry R. Bryant, Vakhtang Tchantchaleishvili, Taufiek Konrad Rajab
An important advance in the field is the development of a bioartificial lung derived from a generic matrix scaffold populated with patients’ own cells [6]. Biologically suitable scaffolding from a decellularized donor organ or synthetic material is used to serve as the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the lung. The scaffold is then regenerated with cells in a bioreactor and implanted into the patient. This bioartificial organ would eliminate the need for immunosuppressants and the risk of rejection. Because of the complexity of lungs, more research must be completed before viable bioartificial lungs can be transplanted into human subjects. This review explains how previous and current research contributes to the goal of a successful bioartificial lung. Key areas of research that will be covered include scaffolding, re-population with cells, bioreactors, and clinical applications.
Advances in the clinical use of collagen as biomarker of liver fibrosis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Steffen K. Meurer, Morten A. Karsdal, Ralf Weiskirchen
The extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold offers a structural, biochemical, and biomechanical architecture to guide and regulate cell attributes and tissue development. The ‘core matrisome’ in mammals comprises ~300 proteins including 43 collagens in human [1,2]. This set of proteins is ‘functionally’ completed by the group of ECM-modifying enzymes and other ECM-associated proteins [2,3]. This scaffold alone is sufficient and necessary to provide a platform to generate a complete bioartificial organ by a technique called cell-on-scaffold technology [3]. This method relies on the detergent perfusion of an organ leading to a decellularized ‘ghost’ organ composed only of ECM. This ECM-based scaffold provides not only a structural support to the native anatomy but also supplies important biological molecules that support cellular proliferation during the recellularization process [4]. In addition, it has been shown that the ECM of a decellularized liver contains cues/factors to keep, for example, liver sinusoidal endothelial liver cells (LSEC) in a vital functional state. This biological activity cannot be supplied by ECM from other organs like bladder or small intestine suggesting that ECM is not only a simple scaffold which casts the organ shape [5].
Surgical Models to Explore Acellular Liver Scaffold Transplantation: Step-by-Step
Published in Organogenesis, 2020
Marlon L. Dias, Cíntia M. P. Batista, Victor J. K. Secomandi, Alexandre C. Silva, Victoria R. S. Monteiro, Lanuza A. Faccioli, Regina C. S. Goldenberg
Experimental microsurgery comprises one of the scientific developments inherent in the use of animals. Its development was important in elucidating medical, physiological and biophysical findings that together provided the realization of human medical practices, whether simple or complex. In particular, experimental microsurgery allows the realization of several techniques that can be applied to experimental models of studies involving hepatic regenerative medicine. Currently, some of these techniques have been widely used to provide the use of tissue engineering products in animal models. With the promising use of bioartificial organs generated by the decellularization technique, we can use some transplantation strategies created by experimental microsurgery, such as heterotopic and orthotopic transplantation. There are several protocols of these surgical techniques described in the literature. However, there is neither step-by-step description of the surgical technique to perform acellular liver scaffold transplantation or evaluation of acellular liver-engineered construct potency to cell recruitment. For this reason, step-by-step of a simple standard model to perform acellular liver transplantation is necessary.