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Bio-Implants Derived from Biocompatible and Biodegradable Biopolymeric Materials
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
An implant is a manufactured medical device to support the available biological systems, replace a missing biological structure, or support a damaged biological structure. These are man-made devices which are different from a transplant, or biomedical tissue. Titanium, silicone, andapatite are used as implants materials which come in contact with body. These materials are biocompatible and also functional materials can be easily used as bio-implants [1]. Implants can accommodate electronics components, e.g., artificial pacemakers and cochlear implants. Implants can be also bioactive like in drug delivery systems in the form of pills or drug-incorporated stents. There are various types of implants that can be classified into groups depending on the application [1–6] shown in Table 3.1.
Principles of Management of Long-Term Complications in EOS
Published in Alaaeldin (Alaa) Azmi Ahmad, Aakash Agarwal, Early-Onset Scoliosis, 2021
Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) were designed as an alternative to TGR to eliminate the need for repeated surgical lengthenings and minimise the total number of exposures to anaesthesia in EOS. Lengthenings can be performed on an outpatient basis without any anaesthesia [25,26]. But similar biomechanical concerns are valid for MCGR because there are no apical and intermediate anchors along the main curve. Also, application of magnetically controlled telescopic rods may be problematic in deformities with severe kyphosis. In a systemic review, Thakar et al. [27] reported a more than 44% complication rate and a 33% unplanned reoperation rate for MCGR. The majority of the complications were implant related complications [27]. Magnetic rods are bulky and can cause skin problems in small children. The cost of the MCGR is significant because of the manufacturing cost of its internal magnet/actuator as compared to simpler or homemade constructs used for TGRs. Cost analysis showed that cost neutrality of MCGR to TGR was achieved over the 6-year episode. [28,29].
Introduction to Bio-Implants
Published in S Santhosh Kumar, Somashekhar S. Hiremath, Role of Surface Modification on Bacterial Adhesion of Bio-Implant Materials, 2020
S Santhosh Kumar, Somashekhar S. Hiremath
Bio-implants are artificial medical devices used to replace the missing biological system and the damaged biological system, and also to support or enhance the existing biological structure. These implants can be of many types, such as load-bearing implants used in orthopaedic applications, dental implants used in restoring the functionality and appearance of natural teeth, implants used in cardiovascular system, and many more. Metallic biomaterials are widely used among other materials, especially in load-bearing implants and internal fixation devices, due to their superior characteristics such as high tensile strength, high yield strength, resistance to fatigue loading, resistance to creep, high corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. Most popular metallic biomaterials in use today are stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium, and titanium alloys. These materials are used in cardiovascular, orthopaedic, dentistry, craniofacial, and otorhinology implants. The implants are usually manufactured using milling, casting, forging, compression moulding, powder metallurgy, and rapid prototype techniques; further features are generated using drilling, electrical discharge machining (EDM), electron beam machining (EBM), laser beam machining (LBM), and ultrasonic machining (USM).
Feasibility and efficacy of ultrasound-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound of breast fibroadenoma
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Mengdi Liang, Zhizheng Zhang, Cai Zhang, Rui Chen, Yao Xiao, Zi Li, Tao Li, Yuelin Liu, Lijun Ling, Hui Xie, Lin Chen, Xiaoan Liu, Shui Wang, Tiansong Xia
This prospective study has been registered in Clinical-Trials.gov (ChiCTR2100050068) and approved by the institutional ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University (2020-SR-130). A written informed consent was obtained from each patient. From January 2021 to November 2022, a total of 113 patients diagnosed with breast fibroadenoma by core-needle biopsy in our hospital were recruited and underwent USgHIFU at our department. And the clinical outcome of 85 patients with a follow-up time of more than 3 months was analyzed in this study. The inclusion criterion included the following: (a) patients were older than 18 years; (b) the Breast Imaging Recording and Data System (BI-RADS) score ≤3 by ultrasound and mammography in addition for women older than 35 years; (c) breast fibroadenoma proved by core-needle biopsy; (d) the maximum diameter of lesion was between 5 and 40 mm; and (e) fibroadenomas with a safe acoustic pathway and the focus can reach the target. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) pathological diagnosis of breast cancer; (b) BI-RADS score ≥4; (c) pregnant or lactating women; (d) patients with evidence of coagulopathy, chronic liver diseases or renal failure; and (e) patients with breast implants.
The effect of cochlear implant age and duration of intervention on ESRT in children with cochlear implant
Published in Cochlear Implants International, 2023
Yashika Tyagi, Indranil Chatterjee
Cochlear implant is an implanted electronic hearing device, developed to produce efficient hearing sensations to a person with severe to profound nerve deafness by electrically stimulating auditory nerve. Cochlear implants consist of two main constituents, the externally worn microphone, sound processor and the implanted receiver and electrode system, the signals from the external system are delivered to the inner ear and these electric signals stimulate the nerve, which then sends a signal to the brain. New implant devices have a magnet that grasps the external structure in place next to the implanted internal system. The external component of the device may be worn exclusively at the back of the ear or its constituents may be worn in a belt pouch, pocket, or harness. The cochlear implant mimics natural hearing, where sound generates an electric current that excites the auditory nerve.
Treatment of women with BRCA mutation
Published in Climacteric, 2023
All options of prophylactic breast removal eventually followed by breast reconstruction should be discussed in length. With the enormous progress in reconstructive surgery, many reconstructive options are now available. The skin and the areola, which is also skin tissue, can be saved. The option not to remove the nipple during breast ablation should be offered [15]. The removed breast tissue can be replaced by a breast implant. The advantage of this surgical option is that this operation is easy to perform, in virtually every clinical setting. A disadvantage is that this implant may need to be replaced when contractions of the capsule occur within the following years after the surgery. Newer techniques using injection of fat and fat stem cells may offer a solution. In this situation, the prosthesis is gradually deflated and replaced by autologous fat through fat injections. After several consecutive procedures the prosthesis may be completely replaced by this injected fat which has started to form viable fat tissue. Pictures of operations may help women to make the decision.