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The Neurologic Disorders in Film
Published in Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, Neurocinema—The Sequel, 2022
The film claims that antidepressants cause violent behaviors during sleep, an exceedingly uncommon side effect. Violent behaviors during sleep are well known and may have dramatic implications including homicide, non-fatal assaults but also sexual misconduct. Sleepwalking is usually benign in children, but in adults, it can become quite harmful, with not only destruction of property, but also serious injury to bed partners or others. Sexsomnia is a form of parasomnia characterized by atypical and often violent or injurious sexual behavior during sleep. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine has clear criteria for somnambulism that include persistence of sleep or impaired judgment during ambulation and a disturbance not better explained by other disorders, drug use, or substance-use disorder. A leading textbook of sleep medicine mentions that sleep specialists are increasingly asked to evaluate potential court cases where violent behavior might be the result of a sleep disorder.39 Connecting violence with an underlying sleep disorder is far more difficult, although the literature suggests some criteria such as (1) previous episodes and documented sleep disorder, (2) arousal stimulus, (3) no attempt to escape, (4) amnesia for the event, and (5) precipitating factors such as recent sleep deprivation and newly introduced medication.40
Specific causes of automatism
Published in John Rumbold, Automatism as a Defence in Criminal Law, 2018
Sleepwalking involves the person walking and performing simple acts in a state of reduced consciousness and decreased awareness of surroundings. The range of activities reported during sleepwalking is extensive, ranging from simple wandering to driving a car. There are even reports of emailing, although this may have been a drug-induced episode rather than true sleepwalking. Episodes typically last less than ten minutes. The eyes will be open. The person will be able to navigate around obstacles. Amnesia for events during the episode will often be complete, but fragmentary recollections are common. The person will be difficult to rouse from the sleepwalking episode. They may become violent if they are opposed or obstructed.
Sleep Problems
Published in Quentin Spender, Niki Salt, Judith Dawkins, Tony Kendrick, Peter Hill, David Hall, Jackie Carnell, Child Mental Health in Primary Care, 2018
Quentin Spender, Niki Salt, Judith Dawkins, Tony Kendrick, Peter Hill, David Hall, Jackie Carnell
Sleep-walking occurs at a similar stage of sleep to night terrors. It is common, particularly in school-age children, and there is often a family history. The relevance of sleepwalking is that it is potentially dangerous. It is worth checking that bedroom windows and outside doors are locked. There is no point in waking a sleep-walking child, as he will have no memory of the event in the morning. Management consists of reassuring the parents that the sleep-walking does not imply an underlying psychological problem, and ensuring the child’s safety. During the sleep-walking episode the child should be gently steered back to bed, and the whole episode should be played down. Anticipatory waking or even benzodiazepine suppression can be tried if the problem is frequent.
Sleep across childhood during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review of the literature and clinical case examples
Published in Children's Health Care, 2022
Melanie A. Stearns, Carolyn E. Ievers-Landis, Christina S. McCrae, Stacey L. Simon
The recommended amount of sleep for preschoolers is 10–13 hours including daytime naps until between 3–5 years of age (Paruthi et al., 2016). However, estimates suggest that 25% of children under 5 years old do not get the recommended amount of sleep (Bathory & Tomopoulos, 2017). Common sleep difficulties in preschool-aged children include difficulty falling asleep independently and waking up in the night and requiring the help of a parent to get back to sleep (Bathory & Tomopoulos, 2017). It is also common for many preschoolers to experience nighttime fears and nightmares, although these are likely to decrease with age (Petit et al., 2015). Sleepwalking and night terrors are frequent in this age range (Petit et al., 2015). Poor sleep among children can negatively impact cognition, learning, attention, mood, and anxiety (Hall, Scher, Zaidman-Zait, Espezel, & Warnock, 2012). For example, preschoolers may be more irritable, have frequent and longer tantrums, be aggressive, and act with greater impulsivity when they do not obtain adequate sleep (Scharf, Demmer, Silver, & Stein, 2013). Research has shown that consistent routines are one of the most important ways to ensure good sleep habits among young children (Mindell & Williamson, 2018).
The clinical characteristics of Kleine–Levin syndrome according to ethnicity and geographic location
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2018
Saad M. Al Shareef, Aljohara S. Almeneessier, Richard M. Smith, Ahmed S. BaHammam
The psychological, eating and sleep characteristics reported by our patients during asymptomatic periods and those in other studies are shown in Table 3. Here, 75% of Saudi Arabian patients with KLS reported experiencing poor sleep between episodes, which was in contrast to the percentages reported in other cohorts (7.6%–12.1%). This was reflected in the significantly longer sleep latency in our cohort (51.8 ± 48.0 min vs. 15.2–26.2 min; all p < 0.01). Moreover, 25% of Saudi Arabian patients had restless leg symptoms (vs. 9.5% and 16.2% [1,14]). Sleepwalking, night terrors, nightmares and sleep paralysis occurred in a minority of patients, similar to other studies. In contrast to the Western populations, Saudi Arabian patients with KLS never went to bed before 23:00 after the episodes.
Mental health and wellbeing of medical students in Nigeria: a systematic review
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2019
Oluyomi Esan, Arinola Esan, Ayorinde Folasire, Philip Oluwajulugbe
Only one study described sleep practices among undergraduate medical students. The average number of hours of night sleep on a weekday and weekend was six and seven hours respectively. There was a significant correlation between the number of hours of sleep and the use of caffeine. About 11.3% of the respondents experienced unusual sleep practices such as sleepwalking, sleep talking and night terrors(Chinawa, Chukwu, & Obu, 2014). Another study investigated the pattern of isolated sleep paralysis among Nigerian medical students. Isolated sleep paralysis was found in 26.1% of the respondents. Of the respondents with sleep paralysis, 32.6% had hypnapompic/hypnagogic hallucinations during the episode mainly visual (Ohaeri, Odejide, Ikuesan, & Adeyemi, 1989).