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Digital Therapeutics for Sleep and Mental Health
Published in Oleksandr Sverdlov, Joris van Dam, Digital Therapeutics, 2023
Peter Hames, Christopher B. Miller
In addition to their poor effectiveness in the long term, the most commonly used pharmacological approaches for treating insomnia are also high risk. Their use has been associated with an increased risk of cancer (Kripke et al., 2012) and doubles the risk of death over 7.5 years (Weich et al., 2014). Moreover, the US. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently introduced a black box warning, the most prominent warning that can appear on prescription-drug packaging for commonly prescribed sleep medications.6 This is due to rare but serious complex parasomnias—behaviors in which patients engage while not fully awake—reported by patients who use them. Parasomnias may include sleepwalking, sleep-driving, and other potentially harmful-when-asleep activities such as swimming. Parasomnias may occur both the first time a patient takes a medication or after long-term use, and they have been reported following even low doses of medications.
Sleep disorders and pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Parasomnias are undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, within sleep, or during arousals from sleep. These events are manifestations of central nervous system activation transmitted into skeletal muscle and autonomic nervous system channels, often with experiential concomitants. Parasomnias, such as sleepwalking, and night terrors occurring during pregnancy and exacerbated by the condition have been reported. Hedman and colleagues, however, found that the frequency of most parasomnias decreases during pregnancy. They found a significant decrease in sleepwalking, sleep talking, bruxism, and hypnagogic hallucinations from the prepregnant state. Prevalence of sleep paralysis was noted to decrease during the first trimester, but it increased during later pregnancy from 5.7% to 13.3% in the second trimester.
Parasomnias
Published in Stanley R. Resor, Henn Kutt, The Medical Treatment of Epilepsy, 2020
Differentiation among the parasomnias may be difficult, and a complete evaluation of sleep-related symptoms is not usually possible on clinical grounds alone. Parasomnias can be mistaken for epilepsy and, conversely, a daytime clinical electroencephalogram (EEG) including sleep will often fail to document paroxysmal events that occur only in sleep. Polysomnographie studies are increasingly able to capture samples of disordered sleep, are often the only route to a definitive diagnosis, and, because of the overlapping presentations of parasomnias, are recommended even when the clinical presentation strongly suggests a particular diagnosis.
A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Dyssomnias are disorders wherein a person experiences changes to sleep duration and sleeps too much or too little. Of the numerous sleep disorders, which fall under the dyssomnia category, insomnia, the difficulty of initiating or staying asleep, is the most common and has been classified as a North American public health crisis. Over 95% of the studied population have claimed to have experienced at least one period of insomnia during their lifetime (Sateia, 2014). With the exception of Fatal Familial Insomnia,1A rare genetic condition that causes progressively worsening insomnia there exists no consensus on any other intrinsic or primary insomnia. Secondary insomnia, often referred to as chronic insomnia disorder, does not involve intrinsic sleep-wake neurological systems that regulate transitions into and out of sleep, rather, it is typically linked to medical conditions, psychological issues, or everyday anxiety and work-related stress. Parasomnias are disruptions of behavior and consciousness during sleep, typically occurring between states, including sleep to waking, or REM to nREM sleep. Table 1 provides a summary of the ICDS-3 Major Diagnostic Sections and the affiliated sleep disorders.
Sleep paralysis in college students
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Given the bizarre phenomenology of SP experiences, a variety of folkloric supernatural explanations are seen across cultures particularly in terms of the sense of an otherworldly intruder (eg, the Italian Pandafeche, the Egyptian Jinn, the Brazilian Pisadeira, or the Old Hag of Newfoundland). In Cambodia, SP is referred to as “khmaoch sângkât” (“the ghost pushing you down”) and in Mexico, “Se me subió el muerto” (“the dead climbed on top of me”).6,7 There is evidence that supernatural beliefs about SP episodes is significantly associated with the distress experienced both during, and subsequent to, the SP episode.8 A wide variety of factors have been shown to be associated with this parasomnia, including stress, sleep problems, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, panic attacks, general physical health, and a family history of SP.9–11 Psychopharmacological interventions have shown some promise in treating SP, but the cost-benefit ratio of such medications remains uncertain. A variety of cognitive approaches have also been proposed, but further research is needed to evaluate their effectiveness. Given the association between stress, sleep, and SP, lifestyle changes such as consistent sleep schedules may also prove beneficial. Finally, simply providing information about the condition to those experiencing it may provide a certain level of relief.12
Evaluation of the effects of shift work on parasomnia prevalence
Published in Chronobiology International, 2021
Duygu Kurt Gök, İlker Ünal, Kezban Aslan-Kara
Parasomnia refers to a group of undesirable motor phenomena that can during the onset of sleep, during sleep, or during arousal from sleep (Sateia 2014) . The lifetime prevalence among adults varies between 4% and 67% (Bjorvatn et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2018). Although the overall prevalence of parasomnia before adolescence is reported to be 14.4%, it is known to be more common in childhood (Agargun et al. 2004). Studies on the frequency of parasomnia have focused mostly on lifetime prevalence or the results of parasomnia in childhood, whereas the prevalence and outcomes of parasomnia in adults have not been adequately addressed (Bjorvatn et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2018). Especially considering that NREM parasomnias are disorders of arousal, it can be expected that shift work will have an unfavorable impact on parasomnias.