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Gene–Diet Interactions
Published in Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss, Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, 2017
Silvia Berciano, Jose M. Ordovas, Nathalie Bergeron, Patty W. Siri-Tarino, George A. Bray, Ronald M. Krauss
The interest in chronobiology is experiencing a dramatic increase. This is in part due to the realization that chronodisruption is associated with most chronic diseases including CVD. Moreover, we should not forget that our metabolism and vital signs such as body temperature, respiratory rate, and blood pressure present circadian variations that may affect the risk of suffering cardiovascular events. For instance, myocardial infarctions do not occur evenly throughout the day, but rather they concentrate during specific time frames (i.e., early morning). Therefore, when it comes to gene–diet interactions—and particularly, personalized nutrition—time needs to be included in the equation. Our own research shows that CLOCK SNPs (i.e., rs4580704 and rs1801260) are associated with BMI and glucose-metabolism-related traits. Moreover, we found a modulation of the associations of these SNPs with plasma glucose, insulin resistance, and anthropometric traits by MUFA and SFA intakes (Garaulet et al., 2009). Furthermore, variation at the CLOCK locus was also associated with energy intake (Garaulet et al., 2010).
Melatonin: A “Guardian” of the Genome and Cellular Integrity for Prevention of Photocarcinogenesis
Published in Andreia Ascenso, Sandra Simões, Helena Ribeiro, Carrier-Mediated Dermal Delivery, 2017
Patricia Manteigas, Andreia Ascenso
This system has such importance that it still remains a hot topic in science research. Regarding this, light-mediated perturbation of circadian rhythms has been associated with three major events: (a) melatonin suppression, (b) chronodisruption, and (c) sleep deprivation [128]. Each of these events, individually or in combination, may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality [145]. In fact, both in vitro and in vivo data suggest the implication of circadian desynchrony in several pathologic conditions, including tumorigenesis and progression of cancer [146]. Besides the photoimmune suppression and genomic instability, the desynchrony of rhythmicity is also presumed to lead to an uncontrolled cell proliferation status and seems to increase the photocarcinogenesis process [151–153]. To understand better this interconnection, we can also note that NER, which has an undoubted relevance in the maintenance of genome integrity, depends on the circadian rhythm. In other words, this excision repair mechanism has as rate-limiting factor, the XPA protein, which is controlled by the circadian clock what makes that genomic instability, circadian rhythm and photocarcinogenesis are three inseparable concepts [154].
Etiologies of obesity
Published in G. Michael Steelman, Eric C. Westman, Obesity, 2016
SNPs cause subtle alterations in the functions of the proteins they regulate, although each individually contributes only a small amount (<1%–3%) to the total genetic propensity toward obesity, thus implicating hundreds, and possibly thousands, of contributing genes (44). Some metabolism-regulating and clock gene SNPs related to obesity have also been discovered (64). These SNPs have helped to connect genetics, chronodisruption, and obesity through such things as sleep reduction, changes in ghrelin values, alterations of eating behaviors, and evening preference for energy intake (65).
New integrative approaches to discovery of pathophysiological mechanisms triggered by night shift work
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Hans G. Richter, Natalia Mendez, Diego Halabi, Claudia Torres-Farfan, Carlos Spichiger
Evidence from studies in humans and animal models shows that chronodisruption (i.e., a significant disturbance of the temporal organization of endocrinology, physiology, metabolism, and behavior; Erren and Reiter 2009), is detrimental for physiology and health. Furthermore, the adverse outcomes of photoperiod shifting worsen by eating at the wrong time of the 24-hours; with inappropriate activity/rest and fasting/feeding cycles being known to increase the risk of chronic disease, such as eating disorders, overweight, obesity, cardiovascular, metabolic (particularly type 2 diabetes) and gastrointestinal disorders, some types of cancer, as well as mental disease including sleep disturbances, cognitive disorders, and depression (Figure 1; Knutsson 2003; Scheer et al. 2009; Gamble et al. 2011; Kivimäki et al. 2011; Pan et al. 2011; Evans and Davidson 2013; Lunn et al. 2017; Lunde et al. 2020; Allada and Bass 2021).
Age-dependent altered redox homeostasis in the chronodisrupted rat model and moderation by melatonin administration
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Avnish Kumar Verma, Sandeep Singh, Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
When the photoperiodic information received by SCN is not representative of the ideal daily/seasonal changes in the light/dark environment, chronodisruption (CD) takes place. The most common example of chronodisruption is that caused by light at inappropriate times, i.e., artificial light at night (ALAN) (Reiter et al. 2014). Since the SCN is not allowed to pass this altered information forward, due to interruption of the synthesis and release of melatonin (Reiter et al. 2011), every cell receives misinformation that disrupts their cycles and results in circadian disturbances (Erren and Reiter 2009). The disruption of the circadian clock is known to be associated with several age-related conditions, suggesting the circadian clock may be an important determinant of the aging process (Ferrell and Chiang 2015).
Role of the microbiota in circadian rhythms of the host
Published in Chronobiology International, 2020
Due to the rotation of the earth, organisms evolved mechanisms, so-called circadian rhythms, to adapt to the rhythmic patterns of day and night and thus the presence of sunlight. An endogenous molecular clock controls the mechanisms in order to match daily events like feeding/fasting, temperature, activity/sleep, hormone-secretion, and metabolic homeostasis with the time of day (Gombert et al. 2018; Liang and FitzGerald 2017; Marcinkevicius and Shirasu-Hiza 2015; Ojeda et al. 2016). Humans are not only exposed to blue (sun-) light in the morning but also blue light from artificial sources like displays that disconnect our behavior from the natural light/dark cycles. Growing evidence suggests that shift work and jet lag increase appetite as well as susceptibility to diabetes, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome (Gombert et al. 2018; Leone et al. 2015; Ojeda et al. 2016). The environment serves as a cue to synchronize circadian rhythms. The strongest of these cues is light exposure but weaker cues include feeding schedule, sleeping patterns, social interactions, external temperature, and physical exercise. Chronodisruption occurs when these cues (“zeitgebers”) and internal clocks are out of sync, causing a lack of coordination in different metabolic processes (Gombert et al. 2018; Oosterman et al. 2015). Chronodisruption is associated with atherosclerosis, cancer, neurodegeneration, and aging (Kunze et al. 2016; Liang and FitzGerald 2017; Parkar et al. 2019; Smolensky et al. 2016).