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Marine Polysaccharides from Algae
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Wen-Yu Lu, Hui-Jing Li, Yan-Chao Wu
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive damage of neurons, which are mainly related to the death of neurons. This leads to a gradual loss of cognitive and physical function. The most common neurodegenerative diseases are Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Lin and Beal, 2006). There are two main types of neurodegenerative diseases: dyskinesia and degeneration/dementia disorders (Huang et al., 2018). The disease afflicts about 35.6 million people around the world. The number is expected to double by 2030 and triple by 2050. Even in most high-income countries, it is difficult for dementia patients to obtain adequate medical care, where only about 50% of dementia patients are correctly diagnosed, while in low-income and middle-income countries, less than 10% of cases are diagnosed. With the aging of the population, the number of patients with dementia is also increasing (Jager et al., 2014).
Natural Product Compounds from Plants in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Priya Darshani, Md TanjimAlam, Prem P. Tripathi, V.S. Pragadheesh
The basic underlying principle related to the onset and development of most neurological diseases is the progressive accumulation of protein aggregates, triggering inflammation and oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS). This can be attributed to extensive literature available regarding the roles of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins in AD, α-synuclein (AS) in PD, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDB-43) in ALS (Peng et al., 2020). The common cellular and subcellular features of these diseases underline the need to develop novel drugs and therapeutic avenues that will effectively target such diseases. The key features and causes of a few notable neurodegenerative disorders are summarized here.
Neuroimaging in Nuclear Medicine
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Anne Larsson Strömvall, Susanna Jakobson Mo
Neurodegenerative disorders are common in the elderly population but may also occur in middle age. These disorders are neurodegenerative disorders causing progressive deterioration of neuronal function, typically leading to cognitive impairment, memory loss, and/or motoric dysfunction. Neurodegenerative diseases often share underlying mechanisms and features, and the distinction between these diseases may be difficult to assess clinically. The diagnosis is largely made by clinical examination. Functional imaging is often used to support the diagnosis.
An updated patent review of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in cancer (2020 – present)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2023
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of pathological conditions that cause movement disorders and cognitive and memory impairments. HDACs have been identified with the crucial role in neurodegeneration [73]. Several clinical trials are ongoing, such as SAHA for Alzheimer’s disease (NCT03056495), Phenylbutyrate for Huntington’s disease (NCT00212316) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (NCT00107770). Structural modification to reported HDAC 1/2 inhibitor, the N-(2-aminophenyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide-based derivatives have also been designed and demonstrated significant inhibitory activity on HDAC 1/2 with 1–20 nM of IC50. In addition, the ratio of brain AUC to plasma AUC can reach almost 20. However, further investigation on the efficacy of abovementioned derivatives for neurodegeneration or cognitive dysfunction diseases is needed [74]. On the other hand, based on the recent report from Liou et al., the 10,11-dihydro-5 H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine hydroxamates can increase cerebral blood flow, attenuate cognitive impairment, and improve hippocampal atrophy in in vivo study. It may provide a new avenue for the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment [75].
Neuroprotective effects of natural compounds on neurotoxin-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Bo Chen, Jingjing Zhao, Rui Zhang, Lingling Zhang, Qian Zhang, Hao Yang, Jing An
Neurodegenerative diseases are complex debilitating disorders that are characterized by progressive dysfunction and neuronal damage. These lead to a slow but irreversible deterioration of brain functions, affecting about 30 million people worldwide. Identifying factors that lead to neurodegeneration is one of the major goals of modern medicine[146]. Oxidative stress-mediated cellular injury has long been considered as the main cause of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD, AD, ALS, and HD. Clinical and preclinical studies have shown that neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by higher levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and lower levels of antioxidant defense biomarkers in the brain and peripheral tissues[147]. In neurodegenerative processes, unregulated reactive species cause damage to DNA, lipids, proteins and cellular structures, and eventually lead to degeneration and apoptosis of neural cell.
Retinal imaging biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Eirini Christinaki, Hana Kulenovic, Xavier Hadoux, Nicole Baldassini, Jan Van Eijgen, Lies De Groef, Ingeborg Stalmans, Peter van Wijngaarden
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions that cause deterioration of the structure and function of the central nervous system, and most are attributed to a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. An estimated 44 million people currently have Alzheimer’s disease, or a related dementia and this number is projected to rise to 152 million by 2050.1 In addition, over 6 million people have Parkinson’s disease and 2.8 million people have multiple sclerosis, two other common neurodegenerative diseases.2,3 The need for therapeutic innovation for these disorders is urgent. Increasing awareness that the optimal window for treatment is early in the disease course, before significant neurodegeneration occurs, has led to a growing demand for convenient biomarkers that allow timely detection of those with, or at risk of these diseases.4