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Test Paper 2
Published in Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike, Get Through, 2017
Teck Yew Chin, Susan Cheng Shelmerdine, Akash Ganguly, Chinedum Anosike
Primary synovial osteochondromatosis is a benign self-limiting monoarticular disorder characterised by proliferation and metaplastic transformation of the synovium with formation of multiple intra-articular cartilaginous or osteocartilaginous loose bodies. The form is not associated with OA, whereas the secondary form is associated with articular surface disintegration.
Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
Published in Harry Griffiths, Musculoskeletal Radiology, 2008
This is another tumor caused by benign proliferation of synovium, which metaplases into villae that initially calcify and then ossify and fall off into the joint, forming osteochondral loose bodies. It occurs more commonly in men and in patients aged between 20 and 40 and also usually involves large joints such as the knee, hip, and shoulder (Fig. 102), but can occur elsewhere. The clinical presentation is of pain swelling, locking, and loss of range of motion. The radiological features are of multiple loose bodies. Synovial osteochondromatosis is entirely benign. In the knee joint particularly, multiple loose bodies can interfere with motion. They can also migrate into a Baker’s cyst if one is present (Fig. 103).
PEG-PLGA- hybrid nanoparticles loaded with etoricoxib – phospholipid complex for effective treatment of inflammation in rat model
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Vivek Dave, Prarthana Srivastava, Kajal Tak, Swapnil Sharma
Rheumatoid arthritis is an auto-immune disorder which involves joint inflammation, synovial proliferation (Synovial proliferation is the proliferation in the synovium or joint-lining tissue which changes to bone-forming cartilages and cause the disease known as synovial osteochondromatosis) and destruction of articular cartilage. IgM immune complex activates complement and liberates TNF-α and IL-1 which act as chemotactic for neutrophils. Affected inflammatory cell secretes lysozomal enzyme which causes cartilage damage, erode bone and vasodilation is caused due to release of prostaglandins. NSAIDS (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit the prostaglandin synthesis by blocking COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes) are the 1st line of drugs generally opted for symptomatic relief in pain, swelling, morning stiffness, immortality. NSAIDs are mainly used to inhibit the COX mediated synthesis of prostaglandins, which are considered as an important intermediate in the development of inflammation and pain. Glucocorticoids and disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (Diseases modifying anti-rheumatic drugs are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. They are of two types: Traditional (methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine etc.) and Biologics (cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus) along with the NSAIDs are part of initial drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. It helps in the management of other rheumatic disease caused by chronic musculo-skeleton pain, acute pain and provides symptomatic relief. Etoricoxib is a potent COX-2 inhibitor chemically known as 5-chloro-6′-methyl-3-[4-(methylsulfonyl) phenyl]-2, 3′bipyridine. It is primarily indicated in the management of inflammation, pain, fever, acute and chronic osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It exhibits poor aqueous solubility which results in delayed therapeutic action with low bioavailability. It exhibits greater selectivity for COX-2 over COX-1.