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Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Normally, ovarian follicles contain egg cells, which are released during ovulation. In polycystic ovary syndrome, abnormal hormone levels prevent follicles from growing and maturing to release the egg cells. Instead, these immature follicles, or collections of fluid, accumulate in the ovaries.1
Intelligent Ovarian Detection and Classification in Ultrasound Images Using Machine Learning Techniques
Published in Ayodeji Olalekan Salau, Shruti Jain, Meenakshi Sood, Computational Intelligence and Data Sciences, 2022
V. Kiruthika, S. Sathiya, M.M. Ramya
Female infertility is a major and thoughtful concern in today’s world and contributes to about 37% worldwide and 12.5% in India. Among the recognizable causes, it is reported that ovulatory disorders are a main cause of female infertility, contributing to 25% in majority of the infertile women (WHO Technical Report Series, 1992). Ovaries have a fluid filled sac called ovarian follicle in which the mature egg is present. In a normal ovary, the mature egg is released from the follicle during the ovulation process. Ovulatory disorders are due to the failure or irregularity in the ovulation process that occurs in the ovary, resulting in ovarian cysts or polycysts. An ovary with an ovarian cyst is called cystic ovary, and an ovary with polycysts is called polycystic ovary.
Ovum Pick-Up (OPU) in Cattle: An Update
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Jin et al. (2016) investigated the effect of age (3-6 and 7-9 years) and number of parities (2-3 and 4-7) on the potential of the Korean native cow (Hanwoo breed) as oocyte donor in OPU and subsequent IVEP. With advancement in age and parity of animals, there was an increase in number of ovarian follicles. The total number of recovered COCs was increased in old cows with increased number of parities. The authors concluded that repeated OPU of cows resulted in significant decrease in the in vitro production of embryos in young compared with old cows.
Aberrant BMP15/HIF-1α/SCF signaling pathway in human granulosa cells is involved in the PCOS related abnormal follicular development
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Li-Yun Cao, Zhi-Qin Zhang, Pei-Pei Liu, Ding-Fei Xu, Liang Tang, Lu Fan, Xue-Chen Sun, Jia-Yi Li, Qiong-Fang Wu, Zeng-Ming Li, Jun Tan
Normally, ovarian follicle develops from primordial phase into mature phase, which is tightly regulated by hormones, protein factors and cell-cell interactions [9, 10]. Therefore, the interactions between inhibitory signals and stimulatory factors ensure the ovarian follicular develop normally. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a granulosa-derived cytokine growth factor, which stimulates the c-kit receptor expressed by oocytes [11, 12]. Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of SCF in the initiation and the maintenance of folliculogenesis [13]. Exogenous added SCF increased the diameter of oocytes from primordial to early primary follicles in the mouse, and this promotion was inhibited by SCF-neutralizing antibody [14]. Furthermore, Tan et al have showed a positive and statistically significant relationship between SCF level and oocyte developmental potential in human follicles [15]. These studies suggest that SCF might be a critical factor in regulation of follicular development. It has been known that PCOS patients are often accompanied with abnormal follicular development and poor quality oocytes [16]. Remarkably, our previous studies have found a reduced SCF expression in serum, follicular fluid (FF) and granulosa cells (GCs) in PCOS patients, indicating that decreased SCF expression might be associated with PCOS related abnormal follicular development [17]. Nevertheless, the reasons of weakened SCF expression and it related regulatory mechanisms in PCOS are still unclear.
The risk of menopausal symptoms in premenopausal breast cancer patients and current pharmacological prevention strategies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
It has been reported that a higher rate of CRA occurred in older women. This is probably related to the lower number of remaining ovarian follicles, which declines from approximately 2,000,000 at birth to 200,000 at puberty, and 400 at menopause [55]. Alkylating and alkylating-like agents, such as cyclophosphamide and cisplatin, have much more detrimental effects on the ovary than drugs of other classes. They can induce genomic and organelle damage in the cells regardless of the stage of the cell cycle, leading to more widespread apoptosis and organ damage. By contrast, anti-metabolite cytotoxic drugs, such as methotrexate, gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil, are specific to the S-phase of cell cycle (DNA synthesis); they are generally associated with milder ovarian toxicity when compared to cyclophosphamide and cisplatin. A pre-clinical study has investigated the sensitivity of granulosa cells to chemotherapy drugs of different mechanistic actions. Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin induced apoptosis of both mitotic non-luteinized and non-mitotic luteinized granulosa cells in vitro. By contrast, cytotoxicity of gemcitabine was confined to mitotic non-luteinized granulosa cells [56].
The protective effects of resveratrol pretreatment in cyclophosphamide-induced rat ovarian injury: an vivo study
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Zhaoyan Nie, Lei Zhang, Wei Chen, Yanan Zhang, Wei Wang, Rui Hua, Tiantian Zhang, Chunfang Zhao, Miao Gong, Haifeng Wu
As described above, ovarian follicles were categorized into quiescent primordial follicles, growing follicles (primary and secondary stage), and atresia follicles. Total follicle counts showed that primordial follicles are reduced in Cy group. Concurrently, an increase was observed in the number of growing follicles after Cy treatment compared to the control group. In the Res + Cy group, Res prevent the follicle growth wave caused by Cy treatment, with the counts of the number of primary and secondary follicles lower to those seen in Cy treated ovaries. The numbers of growing follicles were significantly reduced when the rats were administrated with Res alone (Figure 2(E,F)). In the Cy group, the number of atresia follicles was increased compared with the control group and the other groups (Figure 2(G)).