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Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Survival of an oocyte in the fetal ovary depends on its encapsulation by granulosa cells. Oocytes that fail to become enclosed within primordial follicles undergo atresia and degenerate. At birth, there are about 1–2 million oocytes, and from then on, their number continues to decline with advancing age. At puberty, the ovary contains about 400,000 oocytes. During her fertile life, a woman will ovulate no more than few hundred mature ova. At the time of menopause, a woman usually has only few hundred to a few thousand oocytes left in the ovary and ovulation ceases.
Psychological Impact of Infertility and Assisted Reproduction 1
Published in Rosa Maria Quatraro, Pietro Grussu, Handbook of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, 2020
In terms of the subjective experience of pregnancy and birth following ART, overall apprehension in women is no higher than in the case of “normal” pregnancy, but specific anxieties in connection with damage to, or loss of, the child are more marked, particularly if there have been miscarriages in the past. In comparison with controls, men entertain higher anxieties about these pregnancies but like the women display the same prenatal attachments. Many women are disappointed by the frequency of caesarean section after ART (36% even with singletons), and after birth this may lead to complications like increased maternal anxiety and breastfeeding problems (Hammarberg, Fisher, & Wynter, 2008). Pregnancy following oocyte donation appears to be associated with higher medical risks for mother and child (Savasi, Mandia, Laoreti, & Cetin, 2016).
Third Party Reproduction in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Published in Howard J.A. Carp, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss, 2020
Gautam Nand Allahbadia, Rubina Merchant, Akanksha Allahbadia Gupta, A.H. Maham
Oocyte donation is a long and labor-intensive process with a significant amount of emotional, financial, and physical involvement from all parties [26]. In order to ensure safety and success of the procedure, all the participants should be extensively screened medically and psychologically, and all parties involved should understand all aspects of the procedure [27]. Written informed consent should always be obtained from donors and recipients prior to commencing the program.
In vitro rescue immature oocytes – a literature review
Published in Human Fertility, 2022
Huiying Jie, Mingpeng Zhao, Odai Ali Mohammad Alqawasmeh, Carol Pui Shan Chan, Tin Lap Lee, Tinchiu Li, David Yiu Leung Chan
The past decades have seen the rapid development of in vitro fertilization (IVF) since the first IVF baby was born in 1978 (Steptoe & Edwards, 1978). Recovery of immature oocytes from conventional IVF is a commonplace and unresolved problem. Immature oocytes refer to both Germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and metaphase I (MI) oocytes that are prior to the MII stage (mature). A GV stage oocyte is characterized by a big, round, and distinct intracytoplasmic nucleus called the ‘germinal vesicle’ in prophase I of the first meiotic division. After germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), the MI oocyte is generally recognized by the absence of either a visible GV or a first polar body (Cha & Chian, 1998). The two stages of the cell cycle of an oocyte are generally described as ‘immature oocyte’ in all IVF laboratories.
Oocyte yield in social, medical and donor oocyte cryopreservation cycles
Published in Human Fertility, 2022
Jara Ben-Nagi, Lorraine S. Kasaven, Benjamin P. Jones, Srdjan Saso, Guy Norris, Joycelia Green, Aviva Petrie, Rabi Odia, Paul Serhal, Ephia Yasmin
The age of first time motherhood has continued to rise globally, prompted by a wish for single status and pursuing a career or educational pursuit are common reasons (Jones et al., 2020). However, advanced reproductive age is associated not only with reduced oocyte quantity and quality, but with increased risk of miscarriage (Jones, Saso, et al., 2018). The advent of oocyte vitrification as a cryopreservation method has provided women with the opportunity to undergo egg freezing and storage for later use, whilst conserving the ability to have their own biologically related child (Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2013). This technique has become more appealing given that pregnancy, miscarriage and livebirth rates are now comparable for IVF cycles using fresh and frozen autologous oocytes (Crawford et al., 2017).
Current perspectives on social oocyte freezing
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Ung Lim Teo, Pragati Kakkar, Tarek El-Toukhy
This is a comprehensive literature review highlighting current aspects of elective egg freezing. Female fecundity falls with age due to the progressive age-related decline in ovarian reserve (Faddy et al. 1992; Crawford and Steiner 2015). From age 35 years onwards, there is an exponential decline in oocyte quantity and quality owing to the accelerated atresia of primordial oocytes (Dunson et al. 2004; Sozou and Hartshorne 2012; POSEIDON Group (Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing Individualized Oocyte Number) 2016). This is, accompanied with a significant deterioration of oocyte quality, primarily due to meiotic dysfunction, leading to chromosomal abnormalities and increased risk of pregnancy loss (Jones et al. 2018). Oocyte freezing is therefore, an attempt to preserve women’s fertility at a younger age when their oocytes are of higher quality, thus allowing women to be their own egg donor in later reproductive years. Whilst social oocyte freezing does not guarantee against involuntary childlessness, it extends the window of opportunity for women to be parents and offers them hope where their biological clock would have otherwise run out of time.