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Autocrine and Paracrine Actions of Prolactin in Uterine Neoplasia
Published in Nagasawa Hiroshi, Prolactin and Lesions in Breast, Uterus, and Prostate, 2020
Jungi Kimura, Teruhiko Tamaya, Hiroji Okada
However, it should be kept in mind that hyperprolactinemia does not always mean the presence of hyperestrogenism. For example, idiopathic hyperprolactinemia that is the diagnosis exclusive of pituitary adenoma, disease in the central nervous system, primary hypothyroidism, drug-induced, and other recognized causes of hyperprolactinemia frequently accompany chronic anovulation. In idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, however, ovarian dysfunction has reported to primarily result from the lack or attenuated pulses of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well as the direct effects of PRL on the ovary.32-36 Even in successful ovulatory cycles, high blood levels of PRL induce luteal insufficiency.37 Further, it has been demonstrated by in vitro studies that progesterone production is suppressed in cultured human granulosa-luteal cells at high concentrations of PRL in the medium.34-35 PRL appears to exert the suppressive effects on ovarian estrogen production in the follicular phase during the normal menstrual cycle, if the hormone level is abnormally high.38
Different kinds of infertility, possible reasons for infertility
Published in Elisabeth Hildt, Dietmar Mieth, In Vitro Fertilisation in the 1990s, 2018
Hans-Rudolf Tinneberg, Ulrich Göhring
In over 25 per cent of cases ovarian dysfunction is the reason for infertility. The primary symptom usually is menstrual disorder. As the most common disorder, luteal insufficiency can be diagnosed in over 20 per cent of all patients seeking advice. Luteal insufficiency however is only a very mild disorder and can easily be overcome by luteal phase support with gestagens.
Clinical Endocrinology of Pregnant Mares
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Pregnancy loss is often divided in two categories: early pregnancy loss (EPL) or embryonic death (first 42 days) and fetal losses (after 42 days). The most common endocrine disorder incriminated in EPL in practice is luteal insufficiency. Luteal insufficiency implicates primarily of stimuli that trigger PGF2α release, since primary luteal insufficiency does not appear to be a clinically significant problem in mares (Allen, 2001b; Morris and Allen, 2002). Around of 60% of EPL occurs during the first 42 days postovulation, when pregnancy maintenance is notably dependent on P4 produced by the primary CL, since essential developmental events including maternal recognition of pregnancy, embryogenesis, and initial organogenesis, disintegration of the blastocyst capsule, endometrial cup formation, and the onset of definitive (chorio-allantoic) placenta formation take place (Stout, 2012). Though the cause may be unknown, may be due to illness, injury, colic, laminitis, or other situations that cause maternal stress (Canisso et al., 2013; Sieme et al., 2015). In addition, luteal insufficiency may be due to poor luteinization in mares with postmating endometritis particularly associated with premature luteal regression induced by cloprostenol (Bergfelt and Adams, 2007). If the CL does not produce enough P4 or is destroyed, pregnancy loss occurs. It is hypothesized that luteal insufficiency is related to deficient GnRH or gonadotrophin secretion, which may have luteotropic effects, since exogenous supplementation with GnRH analogous reduce pregnancy loss at 30 days postovulation (Newcombe, 2000a,b; Newcombe et al., 2001). Some individual case reports of luteal insufficiency which resulted in the birth of a healthy foal: one case without adjunctive hormone therapy (Newcombe, 2000a) and other case with supplementation of P4 during the first 150 days of pregnancy (Canisso et al., 2013) have been documented.
A survey of influencing factors of missed abortion during the two-child peak period
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Guifang Gong, Caixin Yin, Yanqing Huang, Yan Yang, Ting Hu, Zhiqin Zhu, Xuan Shi, Yan Lin
The reasons for above results may be as follows: For pregnant woman with advanced age, the body condition is not conducive to the growth of foetus. The luteal insufficiency belongs to endocrine factors. The low luteal progesterone level is easily to cause adverse pregnancy decidua, leading to the miscarriage (Cohen-Overbeek et al. 1990). The semen abnormality and reproductive organ abnormality will lead to the poor quality of fertilised eggs (Michel et al. 1989; Hamamah and Fignon 1996). The contact of toxic during pregnancy and bad life habits will directly affect the foetal development (Thomason et al. 1995). For example, if the pregnant woman is exposure to tobacco, the amounts of carbon monoxide enter the blood, which reduces the oxygen supply for the foetus, and affects the normal development of foetus (Ness et al. 1999). In addition, the alcohol will affect the development of foetal central nervous and growth of various tissue cells (Mamedaliyeva and Aimbetova 2012). Previous study has found that, the repeated artificial abortion is also the risk factor of missed abortion (Zhang et al. 2011). However, the present study finds that, it no statistical significance between observation and control group. The reason may be related to relatively small sample size.
Endometrial development during the transition to menopause: preliminary associations with follicular dynamics
Published in Climacteric, 2020
A. Baerwald, H. Vanden Brink, C. Lee, C. Hunter, K. Turner, D. Chizen
Greater luteal phase endometrial development in ARA women with typical LPDFs, in association with lower inhibin A and progesterone production, is consistent with current notions of follicular versus luteal origins of luteal phase hormone production. Luteal phase inhibin A may originate from dominant follicles or the corpora lutea, while follicular phase inhibin A is produced solely by dominant follicles. Lower luteal phase inhibin A and progesterone but greater ET in ARA women with typical LPDFs suggests that LPDFs suppress luteal function but, at the same time, promote endometrial growth. Our data support the notion of decreased progesterone, rather than increased estradiol, as a contributing factor to endometrial growth as women age. Preliminary data from our laboratory have shown that variations in antral folliculogenesis contribute to luteal insufficiency as women age41. However, further research is required to elucidate the contributing factors of luteal insufficiency and declining progesterone on the increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy during the transition to menopause.
The role of luteal support during IVF: a qualitative systematic review
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2019
Vlatka Tomic, Miro Kasum, Katarina Vucic
Luteal support (LS) is considered important in preventing luteal insufficiency and its negative impact on early pregnancy [2]. It is well known that luteal function is compromised in stimulated IVF cycles [3]. The use of the gonadotropin agonists (GnRha) during COH leads to suppression of pituitary function by negative feedback 2 to 3 weeks after the end of GnRha therapy. It has been shown that the follicular aspiration due to mechanical damage and aspiration of granulosa cells compromises the function of the corpus luteum (CL). The extent of the damage appears to be related to the manner and number of aspirations and therefore the number of granulose cells that are released from the membrane of the granulose layer [4]. The luteal phase (LP) has been shown to be impaired in long stimulation protocols with GnRh agonists [5].