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Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
The ovaries are a pair of oval-shaped, unevenly surfaced, grayish organs of 4 × 2 cm × 8 mm in dimension and 3.5 g in weight (during childbearing) that stay within the broad ligament below the uterine (fallopian) tubes on either side of the uterus. Covered by a single-cell mesothelial layer (known as the ovarian surface epithelium or the germinal epithelium of Waldeyer), the ovary consists of outer cortex (which contains spindle-shaped fibroblasts and houses the follicles and oocytes, with the ability to grow and mature into eggs/ova) and inner medulla (which comprises loose stromal tissue including ovarian vasculature).
The Effects of Pharmaceuticals, Environmental, and Occupational Agents on Sperm Motility
Published in Claude Gagnon, Controls of Sperm Motility, 2020
In studying the effects of cobalt on male reproduction, rats and mice were injected intratesticularly with cobalt and the following findings were observed: reduced testicular weight and testicular necrosis of both the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues.155,156 Testicular atrophy has been observed in male rats after chronic oral exposure to cobalt.157 Further studies demonstrated that chronic ingestion by rats resulted in depletion of live sperm and produced toxic effects on the germinal epithelium.158 Pedigo et al.159 investigated the effects of acute and chronic exposure to cobalt on male reproduction in mice. Acute exposure revealed no significant changes in epididymal sperm concentrations or testicular weight. However, small but significant decreases in fertility at week 2 and 3 of the study were observed. Sperm motility was depressed only during the first week of the study. In studies of chronic exposure, cobalt affected fertility in a time and dose-dependent manner. There was a decrease in testicular weight, epididymal sperm concentration, and fertility. In addition, percent motile sperm decreased significantly at 11 and 13 weeks. Serum testosterone levels increased dramatically, with concomitantly normal concentrations of LH and FSH.
A-Z of Standardisation, Pre-Clinical, Clinical and Toxicological Data
Published in Saroya Amritpal Singh, Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations, 2017
Testicular Regenerative Potential: It was observed that the test drug when given simultaneously with Cdcl2 showed marked prevention of toxic effects of Cdcl2 and when given alone after 36 hours of Cdcl2 administration, showed a notable regenerative potential on partially degenerated testes. It has showed specific regenerative effect on germinal epithelium of testes (Singh et al. 1989).
Correlation between expression of CatSper1,2 and sperm parameters in the gamma irradiated adult mouse testis
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Shabnam Mohammadi, Mojtaba Kianmehr, Maryam Mohammadi, Zahra Fahimian, Elham Karimimanesh, Mostafa Farazifar, Zahra Nakhaei, Nafiseh Golamneghad, Basir Bolourifard, Mehran Gholamin, Atena Mansouri, Reyhaneh Sadat Mahmoodi M, Shokouhozaman Soleymanifard, Samaneh Boroumand-Noughabi, Nasibeh Ghandy, Ali Delshad, Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh, Hojjat Norasteh, Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan, Gordon AA. Ferns
Eissa and Moustafa (2007) reported that after a week of receiving 3 and 6 Gy doses of gamma radiation, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and spermatids decreased. This effect was more intense at a dose of 6 Gy (Eissa and Moustafa 2007). The present findings confirmed these results, considering that divisible cells can be sensitive to the radiation and gamma radiation produces free radicals and breakdown in the DNA and causes an arrest in spermatogenesis (Erickson 1978; Subbotina et al. 2006; Shah et al. 2009). Germinal epithelium changes and reduction in sperm count is thereby justified. Sharma et al. (2011) reported exposure of 7.5 Gy of gamma radiation reduced the germinal epithelium thickness (Sharma et al. 2011). Eissa and Moustafa (2007) reported tubular atrophy and reduction in sperm parameters after 3 and 6 Gy of gamma rays (Eissa and Moustafa 2007).
Therapeutic effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on Cisplatin induced testicular damage in adult male albino rat
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2019
Fatma Y. Meligy, Amal T. Abo Elgheed, Shymaa M. Alghareeb
In Group (I), the seminiferous tubules appeared regular rounded or oval in shape, separated by loose interstitial connective tissue and covered by a connective tissue capsule (Figure 3a). The seminiferous tubules lined by stratified germinal epithelium and surrounded by a basement membrane. The stratified germinal epithelium was formed of spermatogenic cells and supporting Sertoli cells. In-between the tubules, the interstitium showed interstitial cells surrounding a blood capillary (Figure 3b). Each seminiferous tubule was surrounded by a thin regular basement membrane and a layer of myoid cells. Myoid cells were flat cells with flat nuclei. The Spermatogonia arranged as one raw next to the basement membrane with ovoid nuclei. The primary spermatocytes presented in the central zone of the germinal epithelium usually two or three layers. They were the largest cells, having rounded large nuclei with different stages of coiling. The rounded or early spermatids revealed rounded nuclei and presented in multiple rows. However, late or elongated spermatids were observed embedded in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells and had condensed elongated nuclei and tails that protrude to the lumen. The Sertoli cells had large pale nuclei with prominent nucleolus resting on the basement membrane. In the interstitium, Leydig cells were large cells with spherical nuclei and pale acidophilic cytoplasm surrounding the blood vessel (Figure 3c).
Inhibin B in seminiferous tubules of human testes in normal spermatogenesis and in idiopathic infertility
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Testicular biopsy was performed to identify the causes of azoospermia, assess the extent of damage to spermatogenesis and exclude obstruction of the seminal excretory ducts. The criteria for testicular biopsy were azoospermia accompanied by normal level of FSH or sperm contents ≤5 million/ml of ejaculate. Open biopsy of the testicle was performed in outpatient settings observing of all rules of asepsis. The germinal epithelium was assessed according to Johnsen’s method modified by J. Aafjes et al. (Johnsen 1970; Aafjes et al. 1978). Cross sections of the seminiferous tubules were evaluated by a score from 1 to 10, based on the most advanced stages of spermatogenesis. The average point was counted in 10 fields of vision of a microscope at a 400-x magnification. According to JS: 10 – full spermatogenesis; 9 – minor abnormality of spermatogenesis associated with disorganization of seminiferous epithelium, many late spermatids; 8 – less than five sperm in the tubule, a small quantity of late spermatids; 7 – absence of sperm and late spermatids, a lot of early spermatids; 6 – absence of sperm and late spermatids, few early spermatids; 5 – absence of sperm and spermatids, a lot of spermatocytes; 4 – absence of sperm and spermatids, few spermatocytes; 3 – only spermatogonia; 2 – lack of germ cells, Sertoli cells only; 1 – the absence of elements of seminiferous epithelium (tubular atrophy). It was previously shown that spontaneous pregnancy is possible when a biopsy score of ≥8 is detected (Aafjes et al. 1978).