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Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Another risk of egg consumption is potential for bacterial contamination (112, 118). Eggs may become contaminated by a number of different types of bacteria during production such as Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enterica, mycoplasma, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian influenza virus (112, 118). The egg shell is a hermetic seal, but this seal can be broken by improper handling, or if the egg is laid by unhealthy chickens. So, consumers are advised to avoid eating raw or undercooked eggs and to wash eggs with tap water before breaking them.
Eichhornia crassipes: Shedding Light on its Chemical Composition, Biological Activities and Industrial Uses
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Fadia S. Youssef, Noor H. Aysa, Mohamed L. Ashour
E. crassipes was effective for purifying wastewater from an extensive duck ranch during the water hyacinth developing season, as water hyacinth had a great role as duck feed. It also positively affects its quality and increases the eggshell thickness as well (Lu et al. 2008). It upgrades the expulsion of contaminants through their utilization as supplements by their rhizospheric microscopic organisms causing reduction of naphthalene (a polyaromatic hydrocarbon) present in wastewater and wetlands (Nesterenko-Malkovskaya et al. 2012). It can also be used as a natural fertilizer for Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) hatchlings in lakes. It is very modest and effectively accessible, and might be advantageously used to upgrade fish yield in lakes (Sipauba-Tavares and Braga 2007).
Chicken Eggs and Human Health
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Jonathan Merkle, Christopher Bailey, Kevin Ruff
Traditionally, eggshells have been considered to be of no value and have been discarded in landfills with no pretreatment.17 In the United States alone, it is estimated that the poultry industry produces 600,000 tons of eggshell per year as a byproduct.18 The composition and utility of eggshell, however, have become hard to ignore for its potential in both nutraceutical and functional food applications. Each chicken eggshell has been reported to contain approximately 2 g of calcium19 in the form of calcium carbonate, which makes up approximately 95% of the shell (Figure 16.3).20
Amelioration of toxicopathological effects of thiamethoxam in broiler birds with vitamin E and selenium
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Shfaia Tehseen Gul, Rabia Liaquat Khan, M. Kashif Saleemi, Maqbool Ahmad, Riaz Hussain, Ahrar Khan
Pakistan, an agricultural country, where TMX is used to control various pests from crops (corn, wheat, rice, barley, canola, sorghum, cotton, etc.). Thus, TXM contaminated cereals lead to different deleterious effects in poultry birds (Naveed et al. 2010, Khan et al. 2015, Butcherine et al.2019). TMX alters behavior and reduction in erythrocytic indices in cockerels and laboratory animals (Gul et al. 2017, Mason et al. 2013). Elevated serum alkaline phosphate, transaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase have been reported with the ingestion of pesticides, however, variations in the level of total plasma protein, total albumin, blood glucose level, uric acid, and cholesterol have been reported (Kammon et al. 2010). Poultry birds when chronically exposed to TMX, lead to enhanced hatching period and decrease egg-shell production and thinning of egg shells (Bhardwaj et al. 2010, Ganguly 2013).
Expression of estrogen receptor alpha in response to stress and estrogen antagonist tamoxifen in the shell gland of Gallus gallus domesticus: involvement of anti-oxidant system and estrogen
Published in Stress, 2021
Mukesh Kumar Niranjan, Raj Kumar Koiri, Rashmi Srivastava
Tamoxifen, anti-estrogen drug, is a well-known antioxidant which protects the membrane against oxidative damage (Wiseman, 1996). The present study investigates the role of tamoxifen on the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes in the brain, ovary and shell gland after the administration of tamoxifen and water deprivation. The avian shell gland is the part of the oviduct where calcification of the egg shell occurs. Its growth, development, and activity in chickens are orchestrated by estrogens via regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and the synthesis of egg proteins (Socha & Hrabia, 2018; Hrabia, Walentyn, Sechman, & Gertler, 2014). The development takes place by alteration in hormone and receptor expression in chicken oviduct (Socha, Sechman, Mika, & Hrabia, 2017). Estrogens act through two estrogen receptors ER alpha (α) and ER beta (β) (Shughrue, Lane, & Merchenthaler, 1997; Plant & Zeleznik, 2015). ERα is predominantly expressed in diverse tissues including oviduct. The expression of ERα occurs in all ovarian compartments of chickens (Hrabia, Wilk, & Rzasa, 2008). The neuro-endocrine regulation of estrogen is least understood in the stress pathway. Hence, to understand the involvement of estrogen in the regulation of stress and reproduction the paper focuses on the ERα expression in the shell gland induced by stress and tamoxifen.
Levofloxacin-loaded naturally occurring monoterpene-based nanoemulgel: a feasible efficient system to circumvent MRSA ocular infections
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Mohammed M. Mehanna, Amina Tarek Mneimneh, Khaled Abed El Jalil
Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane test (HET-CAM test) is utilized as an alternative to Draize in-vivo rabbit eye test for the detection of membrane irritants [40]. The hen eggs were purchased after fertilization from a local farm. All eggs were incubated for 10 days at 37.5 ± 0.5 °C, humidity 55 ± 7% with manual rotation of each egg every 12 hours. To prepare CAM, the air chamber of the egg was detected by passing the eggs in front of light. The eggshell was scratched around the air space with a small saw blade and the white egg membrane that appeared was carefully removed. Any damage to the small blood vessels, and bleeding, was avoided. Half mL of 0.9% NaCl solution (as a negative control, nonirritant), 1% w/v sodium lauryl sulfate (positive control, irritant), levofloxacin solution, and levofloxacin-loaded limonene-based in-situ nanoemulgel were directly added onto CAM surface and left for 5 min. Any changes in the membrane and the blood vessel network were examined such as hemorrhage, lysis, and coagulation. Hemorrhage was characterized by bleeding out from blood vessels of the CAM, lysis was presented by the disappearance of blood vessels either due to bleeding or disintegration of blood vessels, and coagulation manifested by increased the CAM opacity due to intravascular or extravascular coagulation. The irritation index was calculated from the first time of occurrence of any of the above-mentioned endpoints within a maximum period of 5 min [36].