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Anatomy and physiology
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands are all accessory sex glands which provide sperm with transport medium and nutrients (Table 3.1). The seminal vesicles – These are secretory glands found in the base of the prostate gland and provide the transport medium for sperm. The fluid is alkaline and contains fructose, prostaglandins, ascorbic acid and globulins.The prostate gland – is found in the neck of the bladder in an adult; it is 3 cm in diameter and contains mucosal glands. Prostatic secretions are thin and milky and contain enzymes which include acid phosphatase, acid hydrolase, protease, fibrinolysin and calcium and citrates. Prostate secretions are important for stimulating sperm motility and for neutralising vaginal acidity.The bulbourethral glands – these secrete mucus to provide lubrication during ejaculation; they are found between the prostate and the penis.
Clinical Management of Men With Disorders of Sperm Motility
Published in Claude Gagnon, Controls of Sperm Motility, 2020
This finding suggests a hostile seminal plasma which may be caused by infection antisperm antibodies or an unknown factor. Infection has been discussed earlier and should be treated. However, infection of the accessory sex glands may also adversely affect sperm motility indirectly because of cytokines released from activated lymphocytes and macrophages.11 This situation may be suspected if the sperm concentration is normal, the ejaculate is rich in white cells, culture is negative for organisms, but examination of the split ejaculate show better motility in the first fraction of the ejaculate. Treatment may be attempted by inseminations with the split ejaculate. Otherwise, if sperm with good motility can be obtained in tissue culture medium, then further treatment would be by artificial insemination using these separated sperm.
Ultrasound Imaging of the Infertile Male
Published in Botros Rizk, Ashok Agarwal, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine, 2019
Amr Abdel Raheem, Giulio Garaffa, Hatem El-Azizi
Chronic prostatovesiculitis: Infection of the male accessory sex glands may result in impaired secretory function and alteration of the composition of seminal plasma. The presence of leukocytes in the semen will also increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation [74]. Prostatic infection is usually associated with infection of the SVs and may lead to obstruction of the EDs [74,75].
Exploring the internal exposome of seminal plasma with semen quality and live birth: A Pilot Study
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Emily Houle, YuanYuan Li, Madison Schroder, Susan L McRitchie, Tayyab Rahil, Cynthia K Sites, Susan Jenkins Sumner, J. Richard Pilsner
Seminal plasma is the medium produced by several accessory sex glands of the male reproductive tract. Approximately 90% of semen is comprised of seminal plasma (Duncan and Thompson 2007), which protects and nourishes sperm during transit in the male reproductive tract and, subsequently, in the female reproductive tract. The components of seminal plasma are diverse and include fructose, putrescine, spermine, and spermidine, which protect sperm from the acidic female reproductive tract. Other components include proteins, extracellular vesicles, RNAs, and antioxidants (Dobrakowski et al. 2017; Ayaz et al. 2021). These components have been shown to play important roles in sperm development and function, suggesting that the seminal plasma is not just a medium for sperm transfer and protection but can also be utilized as a biospecimen matrix to study spermatogenesis and male infertility (Panner Selvam et al. 2021). In addition to the endogenous metabolites and proteins related to the host metabolism, many xenobiotic compounds originating from environmental and other exogeneous exposures (e.g., nutrition, pharmaceuticals, etc.) can also be identified in seminal plasma (Laws et al. 2021; Rodprasert et al. 2021).
Application of dual-energy CT angiography in diagnosis of arterial erectile dysfunction: new scanning technology, new scanning area
Published in The Aging Male, 2022
Ming Wang, Yutian Dai, Hui Jiang, Andrea Sansone, Emmanuele A. Jannini, Xiansheng Zhang
Radiation is a crucial problem for traditional CT examination, due to the potentially increased risk of carcinogenesis,—a risk which is also increased for the gonads, because of higher sensitivity. In this study, a new scan area was set to minimize the effects of radiation for testis, therefore reducing exposure and subsequently the risk to the gonads as well. The process of CT scanning is continuous and dynamic, and the shape and position of penis are likely to change during this. To keep the high quality of images and reduce involuntary penis motion, penis was fixed in the scanning process. There are two common methods of fixation, ie fixing the penis between thighs or to the pubic symphysis. In the former fixation method, testis will inevitably be exposed in the scanning area for the purpose of obtaining the anatomical information of the dorsal and cavernous arteries, though the accessory sex glands are not included in the evaluation (Figure 3(A)). In our study, the penis was fixed to the pubic symphysis and testis was excluded from the scanning area. The method allows the information about arteries of concern to be obtained without exposing the testis to the scanning area (Figure 3(B)), most importantly, the result showed that the quality of images about penis artery was not affected (Figure 2(A)). We got the complete anatomical information of as well as protected gonad of patients.
Association between reproductive health and nonionizing radiation exposure
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
The seminiferous tubules are disturbed by RF exposure that reduced the testosterone serum concentration as the Leydig cell population decrease. Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells where Leydig cells are stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) to produce and maintain testosterone functions. Testosterone is accountable for the LH secretion feedback control at both the hypothalamus hormone and pituitary hormone. This pituitary hormone helps in the testosterone secretion by the Leydig cells (Dohle 2010). Another analysis of rats by Ozguner et al. (2005) found that there is no considerable difference in FSH, LH, or interstitial histology but testosterone was substantially decreased in the group of EMR relative to the control group (p < 0.05). The study suggested that natural levels of FSH and LH could be explained by reduced anterior pituitary penetration to EMR contributing to low testosterone responding to the excessive release of FSH and LH (Ozguner et al. 2005). A substantial reduction in accessory sex glands was observed in rats when accessory sex glands androgen-dependent secretory activity exposed to cell phone radiation (Salama et al. 2009). Results were linked by the authors to potential differences in receptors of testosterone, or oxidative stress on male accessory glands (Salama et al. 2009).