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Prostate cancer
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Jurgen J Fütterer, Fillip Kossov, Henkjan Huisman
In local staging, high-resolution T2W MRI is the most important sequence. T2W MRI has the highest in-plane spatial resolution compared with the other imaging sequences included in prostate MRI (i.e. DWI, MRSI, and DCE-MRI) and is therefore crucial in capsular and neurovascular bundle involvement assessment. On T2WI, gross extraprostatic extension can be detected by visualizing the direct extension of the tumour into the periprostatic fat. Indirect imaging criteria for the detection of extraprostatic extension include asymmetry of the neurovascular bundle (Figure 17.16), obliteration of the rectoprostatic angle, tumour bulge into the periprostatic fat, broad tumour contact with the surface of the capsule (>1.5 cm), and capsular retraction. Signs of seminal vesicle invasion include direct extension of low-signal-intensity tumour into and around the seminal vesicle(s). In patients with a diagnosis of prostate cancer, the presence of seminal vesicle invasion is associated with high rates of tumour recurrence and therapy failure. Reported progression rates in these patients range from 40% to 95% (96). Adjacent organ invasion can also be visualized directly. The presence of tumour at the prostate base is associated with an increased incidence of seminal vesicle invasion (97). In addition, expansion of the ejaculatory ducts and obliteration of the angle between the prostate gland and the seminal vesicle, although not sensitive, are highly specific for seminal vesicle invasion, highly suggesting this diagnosis when the features are confidently detected on MRI (98).
Anatomy and physiology
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
The seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands are all accessory sex glands which provide sperm with transport medium and nutrients (Table 3.1). The seminal vesicles – These are secretory glands found in the base of the prostate gland and provide the transport medium for sperm. The fluid is alkaline and contains fructose, prostaglandins, ascorbic acid and globulins.The prostate gland – is found in the neck of the bladder in an adult; it is 3 cm in diameter and contains mucosal glands. Prostatic secretions are thin and milky and contain enzymes which include acid phosphatase, acid hydrolase, protease, fibrinolysin and calcium and citrates. Prostate secretions are important for stimulating sperm motility and for neutralising vaginal acidity.The bulbourethral glands – these secrete mucus to provide lubrication during ejaculation; they are found between the prostate and the penis.
Influence of Environmental Agents on Male Reproductive Failure
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Mature sperm cells move from the epididymis into the vas deferens and then to the ampulla. Upon ejaculation, sperm are mixed with secretions from the seminal vesicle and prostate, which provide the bulk of seminal fluid volume. In humans, the seminal vesicle secretes fructose, while in the rat the prostate and coagulating gland are the sources of fructose in the seminal fluid. Table 6 contains information on the chemical indicators of secretory activity of the accessory glands and their normal values in human seminal fluid.
Effect of Dietary Methylseleninic Acid and Se-Methylselenocysteine on Carcinogen-Induced, Androgen-Promoted Prostate Carcinogenesis in Rats
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Maarten C. Bosland, Michael J. Schlicht, Yibin Deng, Junxuan Lü
In the long-term carcinogenesis experiment, a complete necropsy was performed on every animal and all tumor-like lesions or masses were collected, including nodules on liver and lung. Any grossly visible lesions on the prostate-seminal vesicle complex were recorded. The prostate-seminal vesicle complex was removed en bloc with urethra and urinary bladder attached. All collected tissues were fixed in neutral buffered formalin, in some experiments followed by placement in 70% ethanol. After at least one week fixation, the prostate complex was dissected as follows: the ventral lobes were removed and placed in a cassette; the seminal vesicle/anterior prostate was sectioned off and placed in a cassette with the anterior prostate side down; the bladder which was used as landmark was then cut off but the urethra was left in place; the remaining dorsolateral prostate complex was cut midway at a coronal plane at a right angle to the urethra and each half was placed in a cassette with the cut face down. All tissues were then processed and embedded in a histological grade paraffin wax, and 4–5 micron sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. We have shown previously that to detect small lesions in the rat prostate (<5 mm diameter), six step sections at 250–300 micron intervals yield a maximal lesion incidence (29). Histologic criteria used to identify accessory sex gland lesions have been described previously (14, 29).
Development, evaluation, pharmacokinetic and biodistribution estimation of resveratrol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for prostate cancer targeting
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Alok Nath Sharma, Prabhat Kumar Upadhyay, Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
When cells in the body begin to grow out of control, called as cancer. Cancer cells can develop in practically any part of the body and spread to other parts of the body. When cells in the prostate gland begin to grow out of control, prostate cancer develops. The prostate gland is only found in men. It produces some of the fluid found in sperm (Ostrom et al.2014). The prostate is located beneath the bladder (a hollow organ that stores urine) and in front of the rectum (the last part of the intestines). Seminal vesicles, located just behind the prostate, produce the majority of the fluid for semen. The urethra, the tube that transports urine and sperm out of the body through the penis, runs through the prostate’s core. Older males and non-Hispanic Black men are more prone to acquire prostate cancer. Men aged 65 and up account for about 6 out of every 10 instances. It is a diverse disease, with incidence rates ranging from 6.3 to 83.4 per 100,000 individuals around the world (Wang et al.2012).
Correlation of the Grade Group of Prostate Cancer according to the International Society of Urological Pathology (Isup) 2014 Classification between Prostate Biopsy and Radical Prostatectomy Specimens
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Serkan Akan, Caner Ediz, M. Cihan Temel, Ferhat Ates, Omer Yilmaz
Open radical retropubic prostatectomy was performed in all patients with the patient in dorsal decubitus and Trendelenburg position. After routine lower midline incision, endopelvic fascia was opened and the puboprostatic ligaments were divided. The dorsal venous complex was controlled and the urethra was exposed meticulously. We used the electrocautery minimally in these steps in order to protect the nerves and the erectile function. The prostate was dissected from the rectum posteriorly with blunt and sharp dissection. The seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory ducts were identified. The lateral prostate pedicles were ligated separately with 2/0 Vicryl sutures. The bladder neck was opened near the prostate tissue and the prostate was resected. Bladder neck was reconstructed if needed. The urethrovesical anastomosis was constructed with a Foley catheter placed and the catheter was removed on the postoperative day 14.