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Anatomy and physiology
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
When a man is aroused, the penis becomes erect through the dilatation of arterioles in corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa, the erectile tissue inside the penis. The arterioles dilate and become engorged with blood; the penis becomes enlarged in length and width. An erection can occur through direct stimulation or from thought, visual or emotional material, and is controlled by spinal reflex. The erection reflex can begin with the stimulation of highly sensitive mechanoreceptors at the tip of the penis. The afferent synapse in the lower spinal cord and the efferent flow via the nervi erigentes produce the relaxation in the arterioles in the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa. At the same time parasympathetic nerves stimulate the urethral glands to produce a secretion to aid lubrication and entry of the erect penis into the vagina. Following ejaculation men experience a refractory period in which he is unable to ejaculate further, although he may be capable of partial erection.
Genitourinary and trunk
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
The urethra is lined by transitional epithelium except for the part just proximal to the external urethral meatus, the navicular fossa, which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium and has blind-ending lacunae. The empty urethra is horizontal in cross section, whilst the external meatus forms a vertical slit, and hence the urine stream spirals. The urethral glands of Littré open into the urethra on its anterior and lateral aspect, ‘against’ the stream.
Urethra and Penis
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Urethral diverticula are more commonly seen in women than in men, but they are still rare. Some seem to be congenital while others are acquired by rupture of a distended urethral gland or injury of the urethra during childbirth. Urine within the diverticulum becomes infected, causing local pain and repeated bouts of cystitis. Purulent urine is discharged if the urethra is compressed with a finger placed in the vagina. Diagnosis is by magnetic resonace imaging (MRI) or by transvaginal ultrasound (Figure79.11). Excision of the diverticulum through the anterior vaginal wall is effective, but care must be taken not to damage the urethral sphincter.
Altered microRNAs expression levels of sperm and seminal plasma in patients with infertile ejaculates compared with normozoospermic males
Published in Human Fertility, 2020
Attila Mokánszki, Zsuzsanna Molnár, Emese Varga Tóthné, Béla Bodnár, Attila Jakab, Bálint L. Bálint, István Balogh
Semen is a viscous mixture of spermatozoa and fluid from seminiferous tubules, the epididymis and accessory glands (seminal vesicles, the prostate and bulb urethral glands). Because semen can be accessed with relative ease, it is reasonable to search for non-invasive biomarkers in semen. At present, the diagnosis of male infertility has mainly been based on traditional semen parameters, including seminal volume, pH, sperm concentration, motility and morphology, as recommended by the WHO (World Health Organization, 2010). Routine semen analysis is not capable of distinguishing fertile and infertile men, in cases with idiopathic infertility (Agarwal & Allamaneni, 2005; Natali & Turek, 2011).
Cigarette smoking and its toxicological overview on human male fertility—a prospective review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
R. Parameswari, T. B. Sridharan
Semen is a male reproductive fluid, which is composed of spermatozoan and seminal fluid/plasma. Spermatozoan, a haploid cell, flagellate, swims in this fluid, capable of fertilizing ova, and is ejaculated from a male reproductive system and involved in human fertilization. The seminal fluid is secreted by various secreting glands that are present in a male reproductive system, such as urethral glands (5%), vas deferens (10%), seminal vesicle (40%), prostate gland (20%), seminiferous tubules of testicle (5–10%) and epididymis (5%) (Owen and Katz 2005). The quality of the semen is determined by the following parameters as per World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) as follows:
Impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors-induced glucosuria in the incidence of urogenital infection on postmenopausal women with diabetes
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Luiz Paulo José Marques, Nayanne Aguiar Mendonça, Lucas Müller, Ana Carolina Pereira Diaz André, Eugênio Pacelle Queiroz Madeira, Lygia Maria Soares Fernandes Vieira
Older adults represent nearly 45% of patients with diabetes, and they have a higher risk of urogenital infections, particularly in the setting of uncontrolled hyperglycemia or secondary to SGTL2in therapy. In older men, it is considered that infection is not limited to urine once the parenchyma (urethral glands, prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and epididymis) is also infected. It has been demonstrated that SGTL2in therapy increases the risk of genital mycotic infection in these men by 2.8-fold, primarily for balanitis. However, no increase in incidence of UTI has been reported [9,11].