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Water Balance, Electrolyte Balance, and Hydration
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
In the NCAA, weigh-ins before dual meets are one hour prior to dual meet competition and two hours prior to tournaments with one hour prior to tournaments on subsequent days. These weigh-in times have had an important effect on “weight-cutting” as rehydration time and recovery time are minimal before the match. In Olympic Style Wrestling at the Senior level there are 2 hours between weigh-ins and competition (Tim Pierson, Head UWW Official, Personal Communication). Additionally, there are one pound weight allowances after the first day at the NCAA tournament, i.e., a 125 lbs wrestler would be 125 lbs on Day 1, 126 lbs on Day 2, and 127 lbs on Day 3 (Nick Mancini, NCAA All-American Wrestler, personal communication). For United World Wrestling (UWW) competitions there is no weight allowance for most competitions from Day 1 to Day 2 of the two day tournaments. For World Cup and International Tournaments there is a 2 kg weight allowance for Day 2.
Boxing
Published in Ira Glick, Danielle Kamis, Todd Stull, The ISSP Manual of Sports Psychiatry, 2018
What should be noted in sports such as boxing and wrestling, however, is how easy it is for the practice of extreme dieting to become positively reinforced when two equally starved competitors go on to compete. After all, the winning boxer (50% of all boxers on a given day) gets positively reinforced for his or her use of extreme weight-loss strategies. In boxers, weight cutting is used to rapidly lose weight prior to the weigh-in so that the fighter is placed in a lower weight class than they would be otherwise. This then, in reality, places them above the lower weight class once they have rehydrated and re-fed prior to the fight. Boxers and wrestlers think that this gives them a distinct advantage over their opponents. Other weight-cutting techniques known to be used by boxers include sitting in a steam room or sauna while wearing a rubber suit, taking an Epsom salts bath, heavily restricting calories and water intake, and purging through self-induced vomiting, laxatives, or diuretics (Lopresti, n.d.).
Rapid weight gain following weight cutting in male professional boxers
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Kadhiresan R. Murugappan, Reid Reale, Vincent Baribeau, Brian P. O’Gara, Ariel Mueller, Todd Sarge
We have previously described RWG in a cohort of mixed martial artists competing in California during the same time period as the present analysis [18]. A key difference between the sports is the availability of 17 weight classes in professional boxing separated by roughly 2–3 kg compared to mixed martial arts which has approximately 10 weight classes intervals of approximately 5–10 kg. The use of more weight classes has been postulated as a potential way to minimize weight cutting [2]. Based on comparative RWG data, professional boxers gained roughly 90% as much body mass between weigh-in and competition as mixed martial artists. This modest difference (less than 1% relative body mass) suggests that the inclusion of more weight classes may only theoretically discourage drastic weight cutting.
Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestlers, 2009-2010 through 2013-2014
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2018
Avi D. Goodman, John Twomey-Kozak, Steven F. DeFroda, Brett D. Owens
There has been a debate in the recent literature whether injuries are more common during practice or competition in collegiate wrestling [3,5,10,11,14,15]. The higher incidence in competition (fourfold in our study) may be attributed in part to rapid weight loss techniques immediately leading up to match competition that leads to adverse physiological effects in the match itself. The combative nature and higher stakes in a match, may explain the higher incidence rate in competition. Efforts should be made to decrease the severity of competition injuries through methods such as improved proper technique instruction, as well as measures to prevent dangerous weight-cutting techniques that weaken the body.
Evaluation of the early weigh-in policy for mixed martial arts events adopted by North American athletic commissions
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2022
Gwynn Curran-Sills, Mark Levitan, Fahmida Yeasmin
In January 2016, ONE Championship instituted a weigh-in program to prevent rapid weight-cycling behavior [31,32]. Under these rules, an athlete’s competing weight class is assigned by ONE Championship. It is calculated by collecting data about the athlete’s current walking weight and daily training weights. Once the competition weight class has been established, the athlete cannot alter their weight class fewer than 8 weeks prior to the event. ONE Championship can conduct random weight checks leading up to the event. Over this eight-week period, the athlete’s weight cannot exceed an upper limit that decreases on a weekly basis. This maximum amount is based upon percentage body weight and ranges from 0% to 6% [29]. The longitudinal approach offers a means to reframe the weigh-in process and mitigate extreme weight-cutting practices. The use of such a process will need to overcome imbedded weight-cutting practices in MMA culture and will require consistent support from the sanctioning and promotional organizations in which the athletes are competing [33]. However, before instituting widespread adoption of this longitudinal approach, its merits need to be evaluated and could include answering questions such as: Are athletes compliant during the eight-week program? How often and during which weeks are athletes exceeding the maximum percentage body weight limits? Are specific weight classes more prone to missing weight limits than others? Are there athletes who miss their contracted weight or exceed the maximum percentage body weight limits on multiple occasions? What occurs if one or both athletes miss their contracted weight class? Are any advantages conferred to an athlete who missed their contracted weight or exceeded the maximum percentage body weight limits? Before the initiation of any new weigh-in practice, there should be further efforts to scientifically validate the need for such measures and subsequent investigation to show that the new practice is creating a healthier or safer process for the athletes [33].