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Published in Kitsakorn Locharoenrat, Research Methodologies for Beginners, 2017
For the magnetic measurements, we use in situ Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy. The laser light is passed through a beam expander, a polarizer, a beam splitter before being focused in the sample by lens. Finally the scattered light is analyzed by a Fabry–Perot interferometer.
Mathematical and computational modeling for the determination of optical parameters of breast cancer cell
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
Shadeeb Hossain, Shamera Hossain
Other significant optical properties such as absorption of light, scattering, reflection and refractive index allow to effectively ameliorate vital biophysical properties such as protein concentration, elasticity, conductivity, intracellular mass and even concentration of cell (Bryant et al. 1969; Hielscher et al. 1997; Liu et al. 2016b). Optical densitometry or interference refractometry are central refractive index measurement tool assuming a homogeneous suspended cell with an average refractive index (Bateman et al. 1966). Backman et al. (2000a) studied that during early cancer stages (known as carcinoma and dysplasia that occurred in colon, esophagus, urinary bladder and oral cavity), the nuclei becomes significantly enlarged (typically 2 to 4 times) and hyperchromatic. This biophysical change can be readily diagnosed through light scattering spectroscopy (Backman et al. 2000a). Another pragmatic procedure includes cancer cell measured to have a relatively higher refractive index than its normal counterparts (Liang et al. 2007). This is because of the ubiquitous abundance of protein concentration in nucleus that aid in rapid cell division (Backman et al. 2000a; Bourgaize et al. 2000a).
Pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of acetylshikonin: a review
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Zhiqin Zhang, Jie Bai, Yawen Zeng, Mengru Cai, Yu Yao, Huimin Wu, Longtai You, Xiaoxv Dong, Jian Ni
Acetylshikonin exerted toxic effects on DNA by binding to the minor groove of DNA and slightly intercalating into the DNA base pairs by using the fluorescence spectrometry with two kinds of probes and resonance light scattering spectroscopy (Li et al. 2015). In another study, acetylshikonin increased methanesulfonate-induced genotoxicity, and had cytotoxic effect on a normal cell line (V79 cells; EC50 = 0.49mg/L), based on LDH assay (Figat et al. 2018). In acetylshikonin-treated Sprague-Dawley rats, reproductive toxicity effect was observed due to decrease in the populations of developing and mature follicles. The mechanisms involved in the reproductive toxicity effect were related to downregulation of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone through inhibition of the secretion of gonadotropic hormone (GTH) (He et al. 2016).
Advancement in nanotechnology-based approaches for the treatment and diagnosis of hypercholesterolemia
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Nidhi Gupta, Nikita Sharma, Sandeep K. Mathur, Ramesh Chandra, Surendra Nimesh
In this regard, Mirjani et al. investigated the effect of tellurium nanoparticles enriched probiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum, on the lipid profile in mice. The obtained nanoparticles were spherical with an average size of 45.7 nm as determined through TEM and light-scattering spectroscopy. When the formulated tellurium nanoparticles were introduced in the mice with propylthiouracil and cholesterol diet, a considerable decrease in the lipid levels was observed as compared to the other control groups receiving only the propylthiouracil and cholesterol diet [53]. To enhance the bioavailability of the pharmaceutical drug, adsorbing agent can also be used on the surface of the nanoparticles. In a study, self-nanoemulsifying granules were optimized using a varying concentration of modified oils, surfactant and cosurfactant. These self-nanoemulsifying granules were further formulated with hydrophilic colloidal silicon dioxide and showed a significant decrease in the cholesterol levels in rats. The modified nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning calorimetry. The dissolution rate of the drug in the nanoemulsifying system was increased to three folds compared to the free ezetimibe drug. The results depicted the potential of nanoemulsifying systems as an efficient delivery agent of the lipophilic drugs [54]. In addition, targeted nanoparticles can also be designed to release the drug at the desired site, thereby decreasing the toxicity levels. Modifications of the nanoparticles through cell specific receptors have been done in literature to release the drug to target tissues. In a study, simvastatin loaded galactosylated albumin nanoparticles were synthesized which specifically deliver the drug to the hepatocytes due to the presence of asialoglycoprotein receptors. The size of the formulated nanoparticles was of around 250 nm. Results dictated an increased drug entrapment efficiency of the nanoparticles with 71.03% of drug entrapment [55]. Despite various applications of inorganic nanoparticles in therapeutics, strict regulations are required before introducing it to the clinic.