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Conjugated Graphene Gold Nanocomposites for Cancer Therapy
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Zaira Zaman Chowdhury, Abu Nasser Faisal, Shahjalal Mohammad Shibly, Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Jeyabalan Sangeetha
The acute impact of GO on the microbial population in polluted water was examined (Ahmed and Rodrigues 2013). They revealed that in doses ranging from 50 to 300 mg/L of GO was harmful for microbial populations. The effluent’s quality was degraded by raising the turbidity of the water and decreasing the dewaterability of the sludge. Additionally, they established that the formation of reactive oxygen species is accountable for the cytotoxicity of GO on microorganisms. Researchers have investigated the characteristic parameters of GO in the environment, including its hazardous effect, destiny, and exposures, in order to conduct a life-cycle analysis of GO-based NPs (Deng et al. 2016). Additional research is required as there is relatively limited research on the environmental risks associated with Gr-based composites and the stringent restrictions on their discharge to counteract their hazardous consequences (Liu et al. 2011; Li et al. 2013; Liu et al. 2013).
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
A study conducted on water treatment used a bio-coagulant extracted from P. ovata seeds using FeCl3. The electron dispersive spectroscopy results concluded that the extract mainly consists of protein and small amounts of phospholipids acids. The FCE (FeCl3 induced crude extract) was successful in water turbidity removal at an optimum dose of 0.25 mg/l and a negligible change in dissolved organic carbon. High bacteriological quality of water was achieved after treatment with FCE (Ramavandi, 2014). Another study used four extracts from P. ovata seeds using different solvents, i.e., distilled water, tap water, sodium chloride, and ammonium acetate. All the extracts were less effective in low turbidity. Sodium chloride extract (SCE) showed the highest coagulation activity compared to other extracts. The SCE was also effective in alkaline conditions. The coagulation activity is dependent on temperature, time, pH, etc. (Dhivya et al., 2017). Thus, the extract can be used as a natural coagulant against a range of turbidity in water treatment plants to achieve the standards of drinking water (Ramavandi, 2014).
Organic Matter
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
Despite similarities between the carbon budgets of these three estuaries, some basic differences are evident. Allochthonous carbon sources predominate in the Dollard estuary, with most carbon (75%) being imported from the North Sea and River Ems (37.1 × 106kg C/year) and from anthropogenic discharges of an industrial facility (33.0 ×106 kg C/year). Carbon import from salt marshes bordering the estuaiy is minimal (0.5 × 106 kg C/year), a reflection of the relatively restricted area of the salt marsh grasses. Autochthonous primary production is low (10 × 106 kg C/year); production by benthic algae (9.3 × 106 kg C/year) — particularly microbenthic algae such as diatoms and dinoflagellates living on or near the sediment surface — greatly surpasses that of phytoplankton (0.7 ×106 kg C/year). Excessive turbidity of the water precludes high phytoplankton production. Because 80% of the estuary consists of tidal flats that support a multitude of detritivores, most carbon is utilized by detritus feeders inhabiting mudflats. The total import and in situ production of organic carbon (80.6 × 106 kg C/year) is substantially greater than the total e×port and utilization (35.56 × 106 kg C/year), a discrepancy ascribed to an unquantified export of DOC from the estuary.
Approaches to expand the conventional toolbox for discovery and selection of antibodies with drug-like physicochemical properties
Published in mAbs, 2023
Hristo L. Svilenov, Paolo Arosio, Tim Menzen, Peter Tessier, Pietro Sormanni
Today, many different analytical techniques are available, which in general can cover the whole size range from nano- to millimeter including the subvisible particle size range from ca. 0.1–100 µm.116 In particular, for late-stage stability studies and batch release,115 typically light obscuration according to USP<788>/Ph. Eur. 2.9.19 for particles >10 µm and >25 µm is performed, which consumes 25 mL of sample, and still ~5 mL when a “low-volume” method according to USP<787> is used. Liquid handler for both light obscuration and flow-imaging microscopy are on the market, but one measurement requires at least several hundred microliters, which is often not available during discovery. Therefore, microplate reader with dynamic light scattering (DLS) is often used,115 which can very sensitively detect particles in the nanometer- and submicron-size range on a qualitative level. However, DLS cannot quantity particles, which impedes a reliable ranking of candidates. Similarly, the turbidity can be measured because the opalescence of solution increases in the presence of light-scattering protein particles. Several methods are available to determine the opalescence in a microplate, including a recently published method using a DLS/static light scattering (SLS) plate reader.117 Therefore, opalescence measurements can be easily included in high-throughput screenings but cannot provide size or concentrations of protein particles.
Hybrid powdered activated carbon-activated sludge biofilm formation to mitigate biofouling in dynamic membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Mohammad Reza Mehrnia, Fatemeh Nasiri, Fatemeh Pourasgharian Roudsari, Fatemeh Bahrami
As observed in Figure 1a and c, an increase in the PAC concentration caused the turbidity to increase although the COD removal was decreased compared to the control DMBR system (without PAC). On the other hand, at a 4 g L−1 PAC concentration, EPS and SMP content reduced up to 34% and 28%, respectively, in comparison to DMBR without PAC. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) in effluent turbidity of the four DMs studied after formation. Therefore, it is demonstrated that the addition of PAC significantly affected DM formation. Tukey test with a 95% confidence interval revealed a significant difference between means of effluent turbidity obtained by 0, 2 and 4 g L−1 PAC concentrations. However, no significant difference was detected between means of effluent turbidity by 4 and 5 g L−1 PAC concentrations after the formation of DMs.
Serum index rules prevent risk of analysing uncentrifuged tubes on automated biochemistry analysers
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2021
Lars Domino, Peter Astrup Christensen
Autovalidation of results without flags ensures effective use of resources [1]. There are several rules, typically relating to analyte reference range or sample condition e.g. sample clot or HIL interference, resulting in flagged results. While limits to HIL indices are analyte dependent, the results from our two preanalytical incidents, show there is value in the use of lipemia/turbidity measurements, beyond analyte interference testing. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute approved guideline [7] state that turbidity is the result of increased plasma concentrations of lipoproteins, paraproteins, or particulate matter, such as leukocytes and platelets. Our sedimentation result show that the turbidity in no-lipemic lithium heparin plasma is indeed caused by leukocytes and platelets. Lippi et al. [9] also find a correlation between leukocytes, platelets and elevated turbidity in samples. Interestingly, another study by Lippi et al. [8] found a gradual increase in L-indices at room temperature storage of uncentrifuged lithium-heparin samples (i.e. + 16% after 2 h). Additionally, they reported L-indices to be 33% lower in serum than in lithium-heparin plasma. Suggesting that the turbidity is caused by plasma components which are likely bound by the coagulation in serum. Regardless, already used routine turbidity measurements can be used to detectpreanalytical errors.