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Postmortem Radiology and Digital Imaging
Published in Cristoforo Pomara, Vittorio Fineschi, Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 2020
Giuseppe Bertozzi, Francesco Pio Cafarelli, Andrea Giovanni Musumeci, Giulio Zizzo, Giampaolo Grilli, Cristoforo Pomara
When in this previous edition the need to have a radiology table or a potable X-ray machine was advocated, it would never have been thought that only a residual space remained for this technique. However, according to the past, due to its wide availability, conventional radiography is the most important application employed in forensic pathology. Radiographs, indeed, allow us to visualize skeletal injuries: Traumatic, lytic, inflammatory, degenerative, and developmental lesions of bones and joints are well revealed by radiographs, even in cases of skeletal abnormalities in cases of fetal autopsies. Moreover, this oldest technique keeps its utility in (i) revealing the presence and localization of radipaque foreign bodies (like gunshots), but in a two-dimensional plane; (ii) recognizing anthropometric features by bone analysis, linked to age definition; and (iii) helping person identification mainly by means of orthopantomography, for example, in cases of unknown or burned cadavers.
Bone metastases
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Rupert Berkeley, Muaaze Ahmad, Rikin Hargunani
Conventional radiography is usually the initial imaging modality in the setting of patients without a known malignancy presenting with pain possibly of bone origin. It is, however, too insensitive in detecting bone metastases to be routinely employed in screening for bone deposits in patients with confirmed or suspected cancer. A high percentage of the bone (between 50% and 70%) must be destroyed before lytic lesions are radiographically detectable (10). Furthermore, the majority of bone metastases seed to the medullary cavity, and there is inherently low contrast between the density of the trabecular bone and that of a lytic deposit. Bone metastases can, of course, be incidentally detected in patients who have radiographs taken for a wide variety of indications.
Radiation Safety in Chiropractic Radiography
Published in Russell L. Wilson, Chiropractic Radiography and Quality Assurance Handbook, 2020
The Radiographic Quality Assurance Plan is designed to provide the necessary monitoring of operational effectiveness of the radiographic systems used in the clinics. The monitoring and quality control of the variables of conventional radiography are key elements of the program to keep the radiation exposure to patients and staff as low as reasonably achievable.
Impact of osteoarthritis disease severity on treatment patterns and healthcare resource use: analysis of real-world data
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
PG Conaghan, L Abraham, L Viktrup, JC Cappelleri, C Beck, AG Bushmakin, M Berry, J Jackson
In general, greater HCRU was observed among severe versus milder OA patients in terms of the use of imaging tests for diagnosis and monitoring, visits to HCPs, and hospitalization, primarily for surgery. When needed, conventional radiography should be used before other modalities, such as MRI, CT, or ultrasound (11). In line with guideline recommendations, X-rays were the most performed imaging for OA diagnosis and monitoring, and their use increased with greater disease severity. In only a small percentage of patients (4%), no imaging was performed for OA diagnosis, while MRI and CT were used in less than 20% of patients, with no significant differences in diagnosis or monitoring between disease severities. Imaging using these modalities is suitable where there is unexpected disease progression of symptoms or a change in clinical characteristics, and is not generally required for OA diagnosis (11).
Neuro-urological sequelae of lumbar spinal stenosis
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2018
Jason Gandhi, Janki Shah, Gargi Joshi, Sohrab Vatsia, Andrew DiMatteo, Gunjan Joshi, Noel L. Smith, Sardar Ali Khan
Although numerous imaging modalities provide a more definitive diagnosis, a presumptive clinical diagnosis of LSS can be made based on the patient's history and physical examination [8]. The presence of a narrowed spinal canal on imaging studies does not necessarily define LSS [50–54]. While not routinely needed, conventional radiography may be used for an initial evaluation to rule out traumatic changes or other findings such as Paget's disease, spondylolisthesis or scoliosis. Radiography can also be used for post-surgical management to evaluate the integrity, correct position of fusion material and visualize signs of loosening of implanted fixating plates. The sensitivity and specificity of conventional radiographs are determined to be 66% and 98%, respectively [7]. Radiography can estimate the extent of disc space narrowing, facet joint hypertrophy and endplate sclerosis [8].
Cone-beam computed tomography, a new low-dose three-dimensional imaging technique for assessment of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: reliability assessment and comparison with conventional radiography – a BARFOT study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2018
Y Aurell, MLE Andersson, K Forslind
Early and accurate detection of erosions (cortical break) is important for treatment decisions and for monitoring the disease. So far, conventional radiography (CR) has been the reference method and has been used in both clinical trials and clinical practice for this purpose. The main drawback with CR is that it is a two-dimensional presentation of a three-dimensional volume. Therefore, different anatomical structures are superimposed on each other and small erosions may thus evade detection or be interpreted as cysts. To develop reliable imaging methods that have a high sensitivity to erosions, both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography scoring systems have been developed (2, 3). Detection, scoring, and volume assessment of bone erosions in RA by ultrasonography in comparison with computed tomography (CT) has been studied (4). In several studies, these methods have been compared to multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), an imaging method that depicts small changes in the skeleton better than MRI and ultrasonography (5–7). However, MDCT has several disadvantages for this group of patients. One is that the patients have to stretch out the arms above the head in the prone position for imaging of the hands; another is the exposure to ionizing radiation.