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Gastroenterology
Published in Anna Kowalewski, SBAs and EMQs in Surgery for Medical Students, 2021
It may be possible to observe air in the soft tissue on plain radiographs. However, the leaked air may be small in volume and consequently a Gastrografin swallow is able to determine whether there is indeed a perforation and the site at which the perforation has occurred. A barium swallow is contraindicated, as barium sulphate is an irritant outside the gastrointestinal tract.
Nano-Sized CT Contrast Agents *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Nohyun Lee, Seung Hong Choi, Taeghwan Hyeon
Barium sulfate suspensions and water-soluble aromatic iodinated compounds are currently used as CT contrast agents [5]. Owing to the inherent toxicity of Ba2+ ions, the use of barium sulfate is restricted only to gastrointestinal (GI) tract imaging. Currently available injectable CT contrast agents are composed of iodinated compounds. However, the short circulation time of iodinated contrast agents prevents wider application. In addition, although iodinated agents are generally safe [6], a severe adverse reaction sometimes occurs owing to their high osmolality and viscosity [7]. Despite the demand for new safer CT contrast agents and more sensitive imaging, to date, little progress has been made due to the low sensitivity of CT. For example, while MRI can detect micromolar concentrations of contrast agents, millimolar concentrations are required for successful CT imaging [8]. The strong magnetic field generated by magnetic nanoparticles allows MR imaging of objects smaller than voxel size [9], and even single cells (c.a. 10 µm) are readily revealed [10]. However, such an amplification effect is almost impossible for CT because CT contrast is related to the interaction between heavy atoms and X-rays. In addition, materials that are effective for X-ray attenuation have high atomic weights, and most of them are very toxic.
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Barium and its salts are used extensively in the manufacture of various alloys, in paints, soap, paper, and rubber, and in the manufacture of ceramics and glass. Barium hydroxide is used in sugar refining. Barium fluorosilicate and carbonate have been used as insecticides and rodenticides. Barium sulfate, an insoluble compound, is used as a radiopaque material to aid in x-ray diagnosis.
Sulpiride gastro-retentive floating microsponges; analytical study, in vitro optimization and in vivo characterization
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Mahmoud A. Younis, Marwa R. El-Zahry, Mahmoud A. Tallat, Hesham M. Tawfeek
Adult male Newzealand rabbits were chosen and participated to prove the place of the optimum formulation after administration. Food was prevented 24.0 h before experiment with access to tape water. One rabbit was given oral capsules containing the optimised SUL microsponges in a dose of 4 mg and 50% barium sulphate as a radiopaque agent [34] against another control one. The amount of barium sulphate did not interfere with the time of floating and behaviour of the administered capsules. This amount was chosen based on previous experiment used different amounts of barium sulphate (25, 50 and 75%) in relation to floating behaviour for the optimum SUL microsponges formulation. 50% barium sulphate was chosen in agreement with the previous studies to ensure that the amount is sufficient to act as a radio-opaque agent [34,35]. Rabbits were placed in a lie down position first and the exact place of the administered capsules was monitored by the aid of X-ray imager (Philips, Germany model 1-super CP 80) at zero time and post administration 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 h from two different views, dorsal and abdominal side.
Using online content uniformity measurements for rapid automated process development exemplified via an X-ray system
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
Bernhard Wagner, Thomas Brinz, Johannes Khinast
Figure 3 shows a typical result of the X-ray measurement. A capsule filled with lactose and barium sulfate was examined. Dark areas in the image represent barium sulfate, which strongly absorbs the X-ray radiation, resulting in a lower X-ray intensity recorded by the detector and darker areas. Bright areas represent a low absorption of the X-ray radiation. For example, the upper quarter of the capsule is filled with air and only an insignificant absorption by the capsule shell is visible. Various barium sulfate concentrations can be observed inside the capsule: low barium sulfate concentration on the top surface of the capsule and a high barium sulfate concentration in the middle of the capsule. A surface measurement of the barium sulfate concentration alone would probably predict an incorrect content in the capsule.
Stimuli-responsive/smart tablet formulations (under simulated physiological conditions) for oral drug delivery system based on glucuronoxylan polysaccharide
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Tahir Haseeb, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Muhammad Umer Ashraf, Muhammad Farid-ul-Haq, Muhammad Zaman
An X-ray study was performed to observe the in vivo behavior of tablet formulation. Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) was used as an opaquant in tablet formulation. Formulation TF3 was selected for in vivo X-ray study and the composition of the tablet was the same as mentioned in Table 1 except that 25% TF was replaced with BaSO4 [29]. It was also evaluated that post-compression parameters, i.e. hardness, friability, thickness and weight of tablet and drug release profile were fairly the same as of TF3.