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Writing the Initial Parenteral Nutrition Order
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Intravenous magnesium is available in sulfate and chloride salts. As with calcium, the chloride form is associated with more incompatibilities. Therefore, the sulfate form is preferred. The range is 4–20 mEq/day. In practice, I usually start with 8 mEq in a standard PN order and adjust up or down from there.
Eclampsia and Pre-Eclampsia with Severe Features
Published in Sanjeewa Padumadasa, Malik Goonewardene, Obstetric Emergencies, 2021
Sanjeewa Padumadasa, Malik Goonewardene
Magnesium toxicity can cause respiratory and cardiovascular depression which could prove to be fatal. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the woman’s pulse rate, BP, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, deep tendon reflexes, and urine output (as magnesium is excreted solely via the kidneys). In women with renal impairment (creatinine >1.2 mg/dl), magnesium sulphate at half of the usual dose may be used if the clinical situation demands so, provided that the urine output is more than 25 ml/hour. Magnesium sulphate should be discontinued if the respiratory rate falls below 12/minute, the oxygen saturation is <95%, the deep tendon reflexes are absent or the urine output is less than 25 ml/hour over 4 hours. The biceps tendon reflex should be checked instead of the usual patellar reflex if an epidural is sited. Magnesium sulphate overdose should be treated with 1 g of calcium gluconate (10 ml of 10% solution) given over the span of 10 minutes.
Asphyxia
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Hydrogen sulfide is a gas originating from the natural environment, organic decomposition, and industry. Specific sources include sewers, septic tanks, the manufacture of petroleum-containing products and paper, natural gas, and volcanoes.8 It is commonly described as having a rotten egg odor. At higher concentrations in the ambient environment and with prolonged inhalation, its odor becomes undetectable due to paralysis of the olfactory nerves, and respiratory impairment and unconsciousness may ensue.8 Due to the occupational hazards and past reports of deaths, OSHA regulations restrict the amount of exposure and require training, equipment for detection of the gas, and the use of respiratory protective equipment.13,14 The action of H2S is at the cellular level, similar to cyanide. During the scene investigation, blackening of metal objects, including coins, may be noted. At autopsy, a greenish discoloration of the tissues, in addition to the characteristic odor, may be noted. Prompt toxicological testing may reveal elevated sulfate ion or thiosulfate levels.8
Modulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening by Myricetin and prediction of its-drug-like potential using in silico approach
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Akinwunmi O. Adeoye, John A. Falode, Olabimpe C. Oladipupo, Tajudeen O. Obafemi, Babatunde J. Oso, Ige F. Olaoye
Higher concentrations of intracellular calcium and inorganic phosphate had been linked with the opening of the MMPT pore. It has been reported that a high concentration of glucose leads to hyperglycemia and over time, could reduce insulin secretion capacity of pancreatic β-cells, and the subsequent increase in insulin resistance results to further hyperglycemia which will ultimately lead to oxidative stress (Dubois et al. 2007). Studies have shown that some toxicant increases their carcinogenicity via oxidative stress (Fan et al. 2018). A high concentration of toxicants could induce membrane lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial swelling, enhance the permeability of H+ and K+, and decrease the membrane potential (Fan et al. 2018). The toxicity of lead varies with the chemical form of the lead. Lead acetate is very soluble and more toxic than insoluble lead oxides, or solid lead sheeting (Suleman et al. 2011). The toxicity of aluminum chloride in mammalian tissues has been linked with various pathologic effects (Igbokwe et al. 2019). Mercury sulfate poisoning is uncommon, but it can result in severe, life-threatening features and acute renal failure. Mercury sulfate could cause toxicity by precipitating proteins leading to direct necrosis (Dargan et al. 2003).
Sulfate and acid-base balance
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2023
Troels Ring, Sebastian Frische, Stephen Edward Rees, Jette Nybo, Søren Risom Kristensen
In each of these 10 solutions, pH was measured using PHM220 with PHC2001-8 combination Red-Rod electrode, both from Radiometer Analytical (Copenhagen, Denmark), at ambient room temperature 22–24 °C, and 1 N HCl or 1 N NaOH was added in small volumes until pH reached 7.4. Titratable acidity (TA) was then obtained in two different ways: either as the negative of measured total addition of HCL or the addition of NaOH to achieve pH 7.4; or as the calculated difference between SIDref – SID, using charge-balance modeling [4]. In the latter as SIDref was equivalent to SID at pH = 7.4 and SID is the strong ion difference calculated as completely dissociated base minus acid. Sulfate concentration was compared against measured TA, and measured TA compared to calculated TA using linear regression and correlation coefficients.
Pollution assessment and estimation of the percentages of toxic elements to be removed to make polluted drinking water safe: a case from Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Johnbosco C. Egbueri, Daniel A. Ayejoto, Johnson C. Agbasi
Sulfate is naturally found in water as a result of gypsum and other common minerals leaching. The discharge of industrial wastes and home sewage tends to increase the concentration of this substance (Hammarstrom et al.2005, Porowski et al.2019). As seen in Table 1, the values of this parameter in the waters tested in this study area are highly varied. They range from 7.0 to 130 mg/L, with an average of 40.643 mg/L, well below WHO and NIS guidelines of 250 mg/L. The occurrence of a high SO42− concentration is attributable to the rocks that the water passes through. It is suggested that the geology of this area could also comprise of sedimentary deposits such as gypsum (CaSO4). Interestingly, the examined waters meet the NIS (2007) and WHO (2017) benchmark of SO4 concentration of less than 250 mg/L.