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Cardiorespiratory system
Published in Helen Butler, Neel Sharma, Tiago Villanueva, Student Success in Anatomy - SBAs and EMQs, 2022
38 Surfactant is a detergent- like complex that lines the alveoli and is responsible for lung compliance. Neonates born prematurely lack surfactant and consequently can develop respiratory distress syndrome. Which of the following cells are responsible for surfactant production? Type I pneumocytesType II pneumocytesAlveolar macrophagesB- lymphocytesT-lymphocytes
Clinical Basis of COVID-19
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
COVID-19 is an acute infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus. It is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and can also be transmitted by contact. The clinical symptoms are mainly fever, dry cough, fatigue, and gradual dyspnea. Severe cases may develop into acute respiratory distress syndrome. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the disease COVID-19. This disease is a new infectious and highly contagious disease.
Pyrexia Two Weeks after an Attack of Alcohol-Induced Acute Pancreatitis
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
The respiratory dysfunction could be made worse with excess fluid resuscitation and the early signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome indicate the need for careful management. Although no specific therapy exists for acute respiratory distress syndrome, treatment is initially non-invasive ventilation (i.e. high flow oxygen, humidification, and positive pressure) and later mechanical ventilation using low tidal volumes (to minimize lung injury), if required. And conservative “maintenance” fluid management is indicated rather than resuscitation. Cardiovascular support with vasopressors should be considered early to avoid excess fluid administration. The judicious use of diuretics might help improve lung function, but should not be given until normal renal function is confirmed.
Adverse pulmonary effects after oral exposure to copper, manganese and mercury, alone and in mixtures, in a Spraque-Dawley rat model
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
M Draper, Mj Bester, M Van Rooy, Hm Oberholzer
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an alveolar pathology, caused by an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the alveolar capillaries or damage to the epithelial lining of alveoli or damage to the endothelial lining of the alveolar capillaries. The damage or increase in pressure causes fluid leakage from the alveolar capillaries into the interstitium and alveolar spaces.5 Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness, cytokine-induced inflammation, and airway obstruction and remodeling resulting in an increase in sub-epithelial and epithelial thickness and an increase in the number of macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, goblet and mast cells.6,7 Histological pathologies of asthmatic individuals include epithelial detachment, hypertrophy of smooth muscle, sub-epithelial thickening, collagen deposition and infiltration of inflammatory cells.8
Symptoms at disease onset predict prognosis in COVID-19 disease
Published in Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2022
Aiyuan Zhou, Qing Song, Yating Peng, Xin Liao, Peng Huang, Wenlong Liu, Zhi Xiang, Qimi Liu, Mingyan Jiang, Xudong Xiang, Dingding Deng, Ping Chen
So far, COVID-19 has claimed more cases and fatalities than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [2,3]. This fact could be related to potentially more sources of viral transmission, including aerosolized droplets, direct contact and potentially fecal-oral transmission [4,5]. The lack of medical staff and personal protective equipment may also have contributed to the high number of deaths. These various transmission sources are mirrored in the COVID-19 clinical syndrome, which includes some subjects with predominant respiratory symptoms at disease onset and others with more non-respiratory symptoms. In this study, we sought to explore baseline characteristics and outcomes in subjects with COVID-19 with particular attention to differences in symptoms at disease onset (respiratory versus non-respiratory). We also identify risk factors for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
The immunologic aspects of cytokine release syndrome and graft versus host disease following CAR T cell therapy
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2022
Vahid Mansouri, Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Nima Rezaei
CRS can present with a variety of symptoms, from mild flu-like symptoms to life-threatening manifestations. CRS usually involves fever, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, and rash. Moreover, CRS could be accompanied by tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension, and hypoxia, which can proceed to severe systemic inflammatory response presenting with vasopressor-requiring hypotensive shock, vascular leakage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and eventually multi-organ failure. In addition, CRS-associated laboratory abnormalities include cytopenia, elevated creatinine, and liver enzymes, high levels of CRP, ferritin, IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and disturbed coagulation parameters. Besides, there are some CRS organ-specified signs and symptoms. Respiratory symptoms could be as mild as having solely tachypnea and cough or as high as developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with bilateral lung involvements. Less commonly, patients with CRS could develop renal insufficiency or cardiac dysfunction with reduced ejection fraction [71] (Figure 2).