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Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Long-Term Effects. After a severe acute exposure, exercise hypoxia may be seen from months to years later (Pearce, 1920). A detailed study was made of six workers, each of whom survived a single phosgene exposure severe enough to produce pulmonary edema. The author considered that changes typical of pulmonary emphysema were typical sequelae of phosgene exposure. However, in that study pulmonary histories (particularly smoking) were not taken and all individuals had normal chest x-rays (without hyperinflation). Only three of the six individuals had abnormal gas mixing. Of these three, two had normal exercise pO2 (and one was not studied) (Galdston et al., 1947a). There are no other studies showing classic emphysema to be a sequela of acute phosgene exposure (Cucinell, 1974).
Correction of the Genetic Defect in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency by Somatic Gene Therapy
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
Randy C. Eisensmith, Savio L. C. Woo
Another major contributing factor that accelerates the development of pulmonary emphysema in deficient individuals is cigarette smoking. Not only will the particulate matter in cigarette smoke elicit a macrophage response and neutrophil migration to the lung, but the oxidants in the smoke can also inactivate hAAT by oxidation of the methionine residue at the active site (23). Patients with hAAT deficiency will generally develop emphysema in their 40s, and this development can be accelerated by 10 to 20 years in patients who smoke. Once emphysema occurs, deterioration of lung tissue will continue for several years until death, and there is no effective conventional therapy for this chronic condition.
Obstruction of the Respiratory Orifices, Larynx, Trachea and Bronchia
Published in Burkhard Madea, Asphyxiation, Suffocation,and Neck Pressure Deaths, 2020
A particularly significant role is played by the aspiration of chyme and blood. Only in cases where at least the small bronchi on both sides are obstructed by the aspirate up to the periphery is the evaluation of aspiration of chyme or blood as the cause of death justified. Some of these cases are accompanied by the development of areas of chyme and blood aspiration. An acute pulmonary emphysema may frequently be observed. If aspirated material is only found in the trachea and the primary bronchia, and this section of the airways is not completely obstructed, death by asphyxiation may not be assumed. These findings may be interpreted as agonal aspiration with another underlying cause of death. In rare cases, teeth are aspirated; although this may result in respiratory impairment, this generally does not cause death by asphyxiation.
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for chronic lung diseases: experimental and clinical evidence
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2023
Monique Martins Melo, Fernanda Ferreira Cruz, Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
Different studies have shown that therapy with BMMCs protects the lung and cardiovascular systems in two different models of emphysema at two moments of disease progression. In a murine model of elastase-induced emphysema, mice that received intravenous BMMCs early in the time course of the disease showed lower alveolar hyperdistention, polymorphonuclear infiltration, destruction of elastic fibers, fibrosis in alveolar septa and pulmonary vessel wall, and right ventricle hypertrophy [54]. In a murine model of murine papain-induced emphysema, late intravenous BMMCs led to a reduction in lung compliance, resistive pressures, functional residual capacity, alveolar diameter, neutrophils, and levels of inflammatory mediators [55]. Thus, early and late therapy with BMMCs showed anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties in pulmonary emphysema.
Evaluation of non-clinical toxicity of extract and vouacapans from fruits of Pterodon pubescens Benth
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Vanessa Helena da Silva Souza, Rosanna Tarkany Basting, Ilza Maria de Oliveira Sousa, Núbia de Cássia Almeida Queiroz, João Ernesto de Carvalho, Mary Ann Foglio
In the histological evaluation of animals treated with PPE, some alterations were observed in the lungs and liver. In total, 10 animals, male and female from vehicle-treated, untreated, and treated groups (50, 100, and 500 mg/Kg of PPE) were diagnosed with pulmonary emphysema (Figure 5). Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by an abnormal and permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of the walls where fibrosis is not always obvious (Greaves 2012). The diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema was nonspecific, affecting animals from both the control and treated groups, being discarded as a result of intoxication caused by the administration of PPE. In nature, rodents feed naturally with the nasal cavities facing downwards, and in the maintenance cage, the feed is placed above the animals, on a metal grid, therefore the animal needs to turn upwards to feed, thus facilitating the bronchoaspiration of this particulate material. Emphysema has also been reported as a spontaneously age-related change in laboratory rats (Greaves 2012). One hypothesis to explain the occurrence of pulmonary emphysema is that particulate as wood dust (cage flooring) or even small particles of the food may be potential aggressors to cause emphysema (Haschek et al.2013).
Complications after 100 sessions of cone-beam computed tomography-guided lung radiofrequency ablation: a single-center, retrospective experience
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Myung Sub Kim, Hyun Pyo Hong, Soo-Youn Ham, Dong-Hoe Koo, Du-Young Kang, Tae Yoon Oh
Pneumothorax is the most frequent complication after percutaneous lung RFA, with incidences ranging from 11% to 52% [16–18,25–28]. A recent meta-analysis by Kennedy et al. stated that there are several risk factors for pneumothorax, including increased age, male gender, no history of lung surgery, number of tumors ablated, and increased length of electrode depth [29]. In addition, several studies have reported in common that pulmonary emphysema was a risk factor for pneumothorax [16,26–28]. In our study, pneumothorax occurred in 15% of the patients and six of these cases required percutaneous catheter drainage. These results compare favorably with recent large-scale studies and meta-analysis suggesting that pneumothorax occurs in 37% to 38.4% of the procedure, with the need for aspiration or chest tube drainage in 29% to 31.9% [18,29]. The number of tumors ablated at one session was significantly associated with pneumothorax in our study. Moreover, about 73% of the pneumothorax cases occurred in first 50 ablation sessions, indicating that there may be a learning curve to reduce this complication.