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Thoracic Trauma
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
The main pathophysiological consequences of thoracic trauma occur as a result of combined effects on respiratory and haemodynamic function.9 Death following thoracic injury is often secondary to impairment of oxygen delivery, which is dependent upon pulmonary gas exchange, cardiac output and haemoglobin concentration. Hypoxia may result from a number of different pulmonary and cardiovascular causes, as shown in Table 10.2.
Diagnosis and Treatment Model of the COVID-19 Rehabilitation Unit
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
The completion of a good respiratory function requires good lung ventilation, gas exchange and transportation, and respiratory rhythm adjustment. Lung ventilation refers to the process of gas exchange between the lungs and the external environment. Gas exchange and transportation refer to the exchange of gas with blood in the lungs’ capillaries after air enters the alveoli. The respiratory rhythm is regulated by the central nervous system and the reflexes from the respiratory organs themselves, respiratory muscles, and other organs’ receptors. Therefore, the breathing exercise pattern and the respiratory muscles’ strength play an essential role in the recovery of respiratory function. It mainly includes posture management, breathing control technology, airway clearing technology, progressive activity and exercise, breathing training gymnastics, physical factor therapy, etc.
Introduction
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Respiration, or the process of gas exchange that occurs during inhalation and exhalation, is an involuntary process that is under the control of the central nervous system (CNS). The terms inspiration and expiration are used synonymously also to refer to inhalation and exhalation, respectively. The CNS senses and monitors both the body’s oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and can moderate those levels as needed in part by controlling the rate and depth of breathing. CO2 is a waste product of cellular metabolism and is expelled during exhalation.
Classifier for the functional state of the respiratory system via descriptors determined by using multimodal technology
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Sergey Alekseevich Filist, Riad Taha Al-kasasbeh, Olga Vladimirovna Shatalova, Altyn Amanzholovna Aikeyeva, Osama M. Al-Habahbeh, Mahdi Salman Alshamasin, Korenevskiy Nikolay Alekseevich, Mohammad Khrisat, Maksim Borisovich Myasnyankin, Maksim Ilyash
The least studied is the VLF range, which corresponds to slow waves with a period of 25 to 330 seconds. The difficulties in studying this range are that there is a rather significant zero harmonic (constant component of the signal) on the ECS spectrum, against which it is very difficult to distinguish the peaks of very low-frequency oscillations. The genesis of these waves, as well as on HF and LF, is explained by many hypotheses. One of them, described in (Sin et al. 2010), believes that the RR variability is based on the gas exchange mechanism. If this assumption is correct, then the intensity of pulmonary gas exchange, which reflects the rate of oxygen consumption, has a structure of slow waves of the second order and can be used as a marker of the FS of RS. In this case, the mechanism of optimal maintenance of CO2 tension in arterial blood is carried out by the central nervous system through feedbacks on variations in gas exchange parameters. But for the analysis of such indicators of external respiration, a long-term recording of a pneumogram and a registration of pulmonary gas exchange are necessary. It is very difficult to remove such parameters, since this requires special equipment that allows continuous
Mathematical analysis of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the human capillary and tissue system
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ahsan Ul Haq Lone, M. A. Khanday
The human respiratory system has two main functions: oxygen intake from the surrounding air to the body, and to exhale carbon dioxide from the blood to outside air. Those transfers are achieved through passive diffusion across a membrane which separates the gaseous air and the liquid blood, at an instantaneous rate by means of the difference in partial pressures, the area of the exchange surface, and its properties in terms of diffusion (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011). As this diffusion tends to reduce the partial pressure difference, a constant renewal must be made on both sides of the membrane. Renewal of air is achieved by the ventilation process, which consists of in periodic inspiration-expiration cycles that provide the inside of the lung with fresh air, whereas venous blood is periodically pumped onto the exchange zone by the heart. The exchange area is the boundary of a huge collection of small cavities (around 300 million units), called alveoli, which makes an exchange area of about 100 m2 (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011; Tortora and Derrickson 2012; Nunn 2013). Each of this alveolus is surrounded by a network of very small blood vessels, called capillaries, whose diameter is about 5–10 μm (Guyton and Hall 2011; West 2011). Gas exchange occur through the alveolar-capillary membrane, which is less than a micrometre wide (West 2011; Tortora and Derrickson 2012). The alveoli are connected to the outside world through the respiratory tract, which is an assembling of interconnected pipes following a dyadic-tree structure.
Bioengineering lungs — current status and future prospects
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Vishal Swaminathan, Barry R. Bryant, Vakhtang Tchantchaleishvili, Taufiek Konrad Rajab
The fundamental function of bioartificial lungs is gas exchange between blood and air, which occurs on the respiratory surfaces. Engineering of these respiratory surfaces is central to creating a useable bioartificial lung. In human lungs, alveolar and capillary walls make up the respiratory surface, which is perfused with blood through pulmonary vasculature and with air through the bronchial tree. A major challenge for the production of bioartificial lungs is the generation of a suitable structural architecture that can be seeded with cells. Adult lungs usually contain between 300 and 500 million alveoli, comprising a surface area of 100 m2 [7]. Yet another challenge comes from the thinness of the alveolar wall, which measures only 0.5 µm and the minute diameter of the pulmonary vessels, which measure only 5 µm.