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Biostatistics
Published in Arkadiy Pitman, Oleksandr Sverdlov, L. Bruce Pearce, Mathematical and Statistical Skills in the Biopharmaceutical Industry, 2019
Arkadiy Pitman, Oleksandr Sverdlov, L. Bruce Pearce
One famous application of a platform trial design is the BATTLE trial (Biomarker-Integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination) [65, 108]. This was a prospective, biopsy-mandated biomarker-based response-adaptive randomized study in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Upon biopsy, eligible patient tissue samples were analyzed for biomarker profiling and classified into 5 biomarker strata. Within each stratum, patients were randomized among four targeted therapies. The study objective was to identify subgroups of patients who are most likely to benefit from specific agent(s). The primary endpoint was the 8-week disease control rate (DCR) (a good surrogate for overall survival in this indication), which made RAR feasible in this study. Between November 2006 and October 2009, 341 patients were enrolled, and 255 patients were randomized (the first 97 using equal randomization, and subsequent 158 using RAR). Final group sizes were unequal across the treatments (due to RAR), as was the prevalence of the biomarker strata. There were several interesting findings; e.g. in the KRAS or BRAF mutation-positive patients, the drug sorafenib showed very promising activity: 8-week DCR=79% (vs. historical 30%). Of course, due to small sample sizes, the results had to be interpreted with caution and the study was considered as “hypothesis generating”. However, it provided impetus for further investigation (BATTLE-2 study [82]), which is already another story…
Tumor segmentation
Published in Ruijiang Li, Lei Xing, Sandy Napel, Daniel L. Rubin, Radiomics and Radiogenomics, 2019
Spyridon Bakas, Rhea Chitalia, Despina Kontos, Yong Fan, Christos Davatzikos
Early prediction of treatment response and survival is important in terms of optimal treatment planning and prognosis [106,107]. Imaging techniques, particularly PET and CT, have been playing important roles in diagnosis, staging, and predicting treatment response in lung cancer, particularly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [108–112]. Diagnostic and prognostic value of tumor metabolic burden and morphological information, such as standard uptake value, tumor size, and texture features derived from PET/CT imaging data, have been demonstrated in radiomic studies [111–115].
Analysis Of Volatile Organic Compounds For Cancer Diagnosis
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
Abigail V. Rutter, Josep Sulé-Suso
Once a tumor has been diagnosed, it is important in some cases to identify the subtype of cancer, as the management could be different for different cancer subtypes. An example is lung cancer. Table 3.1 shows a modified WHO classification of the different types of lung tumors. While non-small cell lung cancer can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies or a combination of these, surgery is not indicated for small cell lung cancer unless for diagnostic purposes. It is difficult to say whether breath analysis will be able in the future to sub-classify the different subtypes of cancer or just a few subtypes. This is also important when dealing with metastatic tumors from an unknown origin. Breath analysis might be a valuable tool for clinicians in the future to help them to identify the source of some metastatic tumors so a quicker and more patient-tailored treatment can be established.
Thyroid hormones as biomarkers of lung cancer: a retrospective study
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Zhenchao Ma, Pengtang Song, Dongxiang Ji, Mingjia Zheng, Guoqing Qiu, Zhicong Liu, Bin Wang
According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 238 healthy subjects and 289 patients were included in our study (Figure 1). In lung cancer patients A group, the mean age of the patients was 66.819 ± 0.655 years (matched to the control group). According to pathological examinations, 154 and 51 patients were diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer, respectively. Additionally, 179 patients were positive for lymph node metastasis, and 81 patients were classified into stages I + II + III based on the TNM staging system. In lung cancer patients B group, the mean age of the patients was 65.77 ± 0.181 years (matched to the control group). All patients were classified into stages 0 carcinoma in situ. Of the 238 healthy subjects, 55 were female and 183 were male, with a mean age of 65.09 ± 0.700 years. The clinical characteristics of the patients and healthy individuals are summarized in Table 1.
Diagnostic value of lncRNA HOTAIR as a biomarker for detecting and staging of non-small cell lung cancer
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Xin Yao, Teng Wang, Meng Yang Sun, Yang Yuming, Duan Guixin, Jing Liu
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancer worldwide with a high incidence and mortality, and has been become gradually more frequent in recent years due to the decline of air quality, and the younger generation of smokers (Ferlay et al.2015); and reached 1.82 million worldwide in 2019 (Puglisi et al.2010). According to its pathological classification, lung cancer can be divided into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Among them, non-small cell lung cancer includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma, accounting for about 80% of lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer accounting for about 20% (Chheang and Brown 2013). The disease is usually diagnosed through medical imaging, cytology and other related tests, but the above methods have certain limitations (Amaral et al.2008). In addition, there are no typical symptoms in the early stage of the disease for medical staff to judge. Most patients are typically diagnosed when the lung cancer is in the middle and late stages, which surgical resection is suitable (Vansteenkiste et al.2013). Therefore, finding high accurate tumour markers for early diagnosis and initial staging of lung cancer is critical, which needs further research on the pathogenesis of lung cancer (Roointan et al.2019).
Transferrin receptor-mediated liposomal drug delivery: recent trends in targeted therapy of cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Solmaz Mojarad-Jabali, Somayeh Mahdinloo, Masoud Farshbaf, Muhammad Sarfraz, Yousef Fatahi, Fatemeh Atyabi, Hadi Valizadeh
Lung cancer with 2,206,771 estimated number of new cases in 2020 stands at the second level of cancer incidence worldwide, but with 1,796,144 (18%) annual deaths, lung cancer shares the highest mortality rate [128]. Non–small cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer are recognized as two major histologic subtypes of lung cancer, with 76 and 13% of incidence among the US people, respectively. Although each subtype’s mortality rate is unclear, reports show that the advent of targeted therapies and immunotherapies has brought significant improvements in treating non–small cell lung cancer [167]. Kukulj et al. reported higher expression of TfR1 in lung tumor tissue. TfR1 blocking in lung cancer cases may restrict iron trafficking into tumor cells and decrease proliferation [168].