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Lung Consilidation, Ground Glass Shadowing, Obstructive Emphysema, Collateral Air-draft, Mucocoeles, patterns of Collapse, Lung Torsion and Herniation.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Sometimes air trapping is so great that the affected portion of lung can become larger than normal. Obstructive emphysema may then be noted in normal inspiratory views. This probably happens after coughing when air if forced at a greater than normal pressure into the affected lung, or lobe. Indeed many cases that the author picked up were initially detected on the normal inspiratory PA view, then proceeding to an expiratory view as well.
Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Although this disease is now rare, in the Middle Ages it was responsible for the death of up to twenty-five percent of the human population of Europe. It is caused by Yersinia pestis, a pleomorphic rod that is maintained in wild rodents. Man is infected by the bite of fleas which leave the rodents after they have died of the disease. The bubonic form of plague results when rat fleas inject the agent while feeding. In this form of the disease Y. pestis becomes localized in the lymph nodes draining the area of the bite. When the nodes become enlarged, they are called buboes. The infection progresses throughout the body. Sometimes the lungs become infected. When this happens, the disease may be spread by aerosols produced by coughing. This form is called pneumonic plague. The disease is readily treatable with streptomycin but if untreated may be rapidly fatal in a high proportion of cases.
Meeting personal needs: hydration and nutrition
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Many procedures to supplement a person’s fluid and nutritional status are seen to pose risks to the person and practitioner. This is potentially due to misplacement of lines and tubes and inducing coughing or swallowing issues. Recent COVID 19 disease has led to a review of what constitutes an aerosol-generated procedure (AGP). The safeguarding of the person and their carers is paramount at this time. In view of this, an independent high-risk AGP panel has been set up in 2020 (Public Health England 2021). Their role is to review the available evidence to advise and support practitioners in their ever changing role in the COVID-19 pandemic. They conclude that coughing is a major factor in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. The use of droplet precautions equipment and appropriate levels of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be adopted in all such procedures that have the potential to induce coughing. Please review current government guidance at www.gov.uk on AGP before providing and supporting anyone with additional fluid and nutritional needs.
Successful treatment of a level IIIA tracheal rupture following endoscopic balloon dilation
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2023
Fredrik J. Landström, Eleftherios Ntouniadakis
Since intubation was considered unsafe the patient was transferred to the ICU ventilated with a Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Muscle relaxation (pancuronium) was used to prevent coughing. Cefuroxim (1.5 g three times daily) was administered for prophylaxis. The patient remained afebrile, the C-reactive protein peaked at 50 mg/L and the leukocyte count was mildly increased. On the third post-operative day, the patient’s condition remained stable and following lidocaine infusion (1 mg/ml) to prevent coughing, the LMA was removed and she was transferred to the ward. Ethylmorphinehydrochloride (25 mg four times daily) was prescribed to minimize coughing. Six days postoperatively a new CT scan showed complete closure of the laceration (Figure 2). She was discharged after an eight-day admission and remained asymptomatic as she was followed uneventfully for more than ten years.
Current status in cellular-based therapies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2023
Dima Hattab, Mumen F. A. Amer, Amirah Mohd Gazzali, Lay Hong Chuah, Athirah Bakhtiar
The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients range from asymptomatic to severe respiratory symptoms requiring mechanical ventilation. Generally, most COVID-19 patients experience coughing, high fever, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Elderly patients and those with comorbidities may develop more severe symptoms that require hospitalization or admission to the intensive care unit [4,8]. To this date, antivirals such as remdesivir (Veklury), molnupiravir (Lagevrio), and nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (Paxlovid) are the only FDA-authorized treatment for COVID-19, alongside monoclonal antibodies such as bebtelovimab. Other therapeutic options, including anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulators, are available under Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-issued Emergency Use Authorization to manage COVID-19 [20].
The financial burden of treating patients presenting with acute and chronic cough
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Surinder S. Birring, Craig J. Currie, Sarah E. Holden, Sara Jenkins-Jones, Ellen R. Berni, Bethan Jones, Thomas R. Berni, Haya Langerman
Cough presents with differing severity and it is typically defined as acute or chronic, although other terms such as persistent cough, are often used. Most people will experience an occasional acute cough as a result of illnesses such as the common cold, and these coughing episodes are typically transient and clinically inconsequential. However, for some, the severity of cough is far worse, and a far more serious clinical matter. Cough presentation is heterogenous and, in a related study characterizing the epidemiology of cough, we described the challenges this presents1. It is unusual to attempt to characterize treatment costs from the perspective of a clinical problem such as cough, which is often a symptom of a more pressing challenge such as a chest infection, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.