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IgE-mediated (immediate) hypersensitivity
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Albert F. Finn, Gabriel Virella
Bronchial asthma presents very complex therapeutic problems. Current therapy is based on the understanding that an initial acute bronchoconstrictive attack is followed by progressive inflammation in the airways and increased bronchial responsiveness. Each phase requires a different treatment. Relief of bronchoconstriction is the therapeutic goal of β-adrenergic agonists, methylxanthines, and anticholinergic compounds.
The History of Inhaled Drug Therapy
Published in Hans Bisgaard, Chris O’Callaghan, Gerald C. Smaldone, Drug Delivery to the Lung, 2001
Chris O’Callaghan, Mika T. Vidgren, Ola Nerbrink
The treatment of respiratory disorders such as bronchial asthma has varied greatly. Therapies have included hot and cold compresses or baths, concentrated showers to the back of the head, as well as dried fox lungs, owl blood in wine, and chicken soup (1). In this chapter we outline the history of inhaled medications in the treatment of respiratory disease.
Bronchial Asthma and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis as Potential Targets for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Júlio C. Voltarelli, Eduardo A. Donadi, José A. B. Martinez, Elcio O. Vianna, Willy Sarti
The mechanisms which induce, maintain and aggravate bronchial asthma have been extensively studied with the aim of improving or preventing asthmatic attacks; however, the cure of the disease has not yet been accomplished. The observation that an inverse correlation has been observed between the infection rate and the prevalence of asthma has led to the proposal that an early-life induction of a Th1-mediated response might decrease the prevalence of allergy,57,58 and consequently of asthma. According to this “hygiene hypothesis”, infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, measles and hepatitis A viruses, and living in a rural environment or with older siblings are important factors associated with decreased prevalence of allergy. This hypothesis seems to be logical, since the population of newborn T cells are preferentially polarized to Th2 cells, and an early exposure to infectious agents might induce a Th1 polarization.59 If one could shift the polarization from Th2 to Th1 cells, in theory, one would expect a possible cure for allergy. Besides changing the T cell polarization, one would also achieve the modification of the atopic profile, the reversal of persistent airway inflammation, and finally the reversal of airway hyperresponsiveness, to finally reach the cure for allergy and asthma. Nowadays, one possible way to modify all these mainstays of bronchial asthma pathogenesis is with HSCT; however, there are few studies available regarding the effects of cell transplantation on these mechanisms to further decide whether HSCT is a valid alternative for the treatment of bronchial asthma.
Luteolin alleviated neutrophilic asthma by inhibiting IL-36γ secretion-mediated MAPK pathways
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Xin-rui Qiao, Tao Feng, Dong Zhang, Li-li Zhi, Jin-tao Zhang, Xiao-fei Liu, Yun Pan, Jia-wei Xu, Wen-Jing Cui, Liang Dong
Bronchial asthma is a common, chronic, inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by a variety of respiratory symptoms and limited airflow. Many cells play an important role in the onset of asthma, including hypertrophic cells, macrophages, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells (Mims 2015). The internationally recognized system of classification of asthma divides it into two types: T2-high and T2-low. T2-high asthma is characterized by the presence of eosinophilic airway inflammation, while T2-low asthma is usually characterized by neutrophils or fewer granulocytes (Svenningsen and Nair 2017). T2-low asthma, especially neutrophilic asthma, is often associated with severe disease and a poor response to treatment (Samitas et al. 2017). Although the definition of neutrophilic asthma still lacks a consensus, neutrophilic asthma and eosinophil asthma are classified mainly according to the proportion of the cells in sputum (Simpson et al. 2006). Eosinophilic asthma is defined as an increase in eosinophils in the induced sputum of more than 2% or 3%, and neutrophilic asthma is defined as an increase in neutrophils in the induced sputum of more than 60% or 76% (Chung 2016).
The rationale of applying inspiratory/expiratory muscle training within the same respiratory cycle in children with bronchial asthma: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical investigation
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2023
Ragab K. Elnaggar, Ahmad M. Osailan, Mohammed F. Elbanna
Asthma is the most frequent respiratory illness among children. It is a multi-faceted ailment characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness, recurring incidents of airflow blockage arising out of bronchospasm, edema, and increased mucus production [1,2]. Children and adolescents with bronchial asthma (C/AwBA) may experience a range of respiratory symptoms like coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, and chest tightness [3]. Also, C/AwBA generally suffer from respiratory muscle dysfunction [4]. The chronic airflow limitations that result from air trapping, increased airway resistance, and lung hyperinflation (i.e. increased end-expiratory volumes) in asthma may alter position and shape of the diaphragm, modify geometry of the chest wall, and shorten the inspiratory muscles, which therefore affects respiratory muscle performance and pulmonary functions [4,5]. Furthermore, C/AwBA are at risk of respiratory muscle weakness/fatigue due to increases in the energy cost of breathing [6].
Mycobacterium vaccae nebulization protects Balb/c mice against bronchial asthma through neural mechanisms
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2021
Xiao-Hong Jiang, Chao-Qian Li, Guang-Yi Feng, Ming-Jie Luo, Qi-Xiang Sun, Jianlin Huang
Bronchial asthma can be effectively controlled but not be cured and long-term recurrent attacks can lead to airway remodeling that could subsequently develop into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The etiology and pathogenesis of asthma are still not very clear, and there are no effective preventive measures. Studies have shown that Mycobacterium infection is negatively correlated with the onset of asthma. BCG is a live attenuated vaccine prepared from Mycobacterium bovis. Clinical studies have found that BCG has an unstable effect in preventing asthma (19). Animal experiments confirmed that BCG could protect against asthma and inhibit airway remodeling in bronchial asthma (20). M. vaccae is a nontoxic mycobacterium, which is often used as an adjuvant treatment for tuberculosis (TB). Nebulization therapy is simple and feasible with few side effects, and an important method for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In this study, mice were nebulized with M. vaccae for 1 month before the asthmatic model was established to simulate BCG vaccine inoculation (immunity was produced 4 to 6 weeks after BCG vaccination). The aim of this study was to observe the preventive effects of M. vaccae and its neurological mechanism in asthma.