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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Atypical pneumonias are caused by several very different bacteria including: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia psittaci. Mycoplasma lack a cell wall and are not sensitive to penicillin, but can be treated with other antibiotics.
Paper 2
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, nMRCGP Applied Knowledge Test Study Guide, 2021
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
Atypical pneumonia can be caused by Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and Legionella species. An atypical pathogen should be considered if symptoms are slow to resolve. They are more common in immuno-com pro mised patients. Usual symptoms include a persistent dry cough, anorexia and weight loss. Chest x-ray usually shows patchy consolidation.
Atypical Pneumonia
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Atypical pneumonia refers to any type of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) not caused by common pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae and radiological images appear ‘atypical’, characterized by neither a lobar nor consolidating appearance. The most common atypicals are Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia psittaci. This chapter discusses atypical pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila, as they are most commonly encountered in patients who present in the hospital.
Whole-genome sequencing of the clinical isolate of Legionella pneumophila ALAW1 from the West Bank allows high-resolution typing and determination of pathogenicity mechanisms
Published in European Clinical Respiratory Journal, 2023
Ashraf R. Zayed, Boyke Bunk, Lina Jaber, Hadeel Abu-Teer, Mousa Ali, Michael Steinert, Manfred G. Höfle, Ingrid Brettar, Dina M. Bitar
In January 2014, a 66-year-old woman was admitted to hospital F in Bethlehem – West Bank (Figure S1) (day 0) after evaluation in the emergency ward for high blood pressure and severe gastric pain (Figure 1). The woman had been prescribed Arcoxia (NSAIDs) and Prednisolone (Corticosteroids) 6 days prior to admission (day −6) as treatment of joint inflammation. On day 4 after admission, the patient complained of dyspnea, chest pain, mild fever, and reproductive cough. A chest X-ray showed fluffy infiltrates in both lungs. Atypical pneumonia was suspected. The incubation period of LD is usually 2–10 days, but it has been recorded in some cases to be of up to 16 days. The severity of the disease ranges from a mild cough to a rapidly fatal pneumonia. Initial symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, headache, malaise, and lethargy. Some patients may also experience myalgia, diarrhea, and confusion [19,20]. On day 5, the patient had difficulty breathing with low oxygen and was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a specialized hospital in East Jerusalem (hospital E) (Figure S1) where bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and sputum) were collected to be analyzed by cultivation for bacterial pathogens. On the same day, treatment with Azithromycin followed by Levofloxacin was administered. On day 9, bacteriological culture was negative, and the diagnosis was confirmed as an atypical pneumonia caused by a fastidious pathogen. On day 12, the patient recovered and was discharged (Figure 1).
Comparative efficacy assessment of antiviral alone and antiviral-antibiotic combination in prevention of influenza-B infection associated complications
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Azfar Ishaqui, Amer Hayat Khan, Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman, Muhammad Taher Alsultan, Irfanullah Khan
Gram positive cocci pathogens emerge as the most common causative agents for secondary bacterial infections in Group-B1 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae alone was responsible for one-fourth of the identified secondary bacterial infection. Pathogens from class atypical pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumonia & Chlaymydia pneumoniae) were also found to be common with causative agent of 9 (28.1%) cases. In terms of sensitivity and susceptibility, azithromycin was found to be effective against atypical pneumonia agents as well as some Gram positive cocci. Azithromycin may modulate airway inflammation induced by influenza virus infection. Basic studies have shown that azithromycin is effective against secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza virus infection because of its inhibitory effect on the expression of various cytokines and its antibacterial activity [51]. However, in our study the incidences of secondary bacterial infection were found in 5.1% of patients who were initiated on oseltamivir along with azithromycin. Ceftriaxone, cefepime and meropenam were found to be effective against pathogens from Gram positive cocci and Gram negative rods. Patients at high risk of complications or secondary infection should be considered for antibiotics in the presence of lower respiratory features. Patients should have antibiotics which are effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although all guidelines for the empirical treatment of community acquired pneumonia cover Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus poses more of a challenge.
Prevalence, risk factors and outcome of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Uganda: a prospective study
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2021
Rebecca Nantanda, Freddie Bwanga, Irene Najjingo, Grace Ndeezi, James K Tumwine
The diagnosis of atypical pneumonia was based on any of the following: (i) a positive DNA-PCR test for M. pneumoniae in the sputum, (ii) high M. pneumoniae IgM titres at enrolment, and (iii) high M. pneumoniae IgM titres on Day 21 after enrolment. Based on the above criteria, 60/385 (15.6%) participants tested positive for M. pneumoniae. Of these, 56/60 (93.3%) were under 5 years of age. The median (IQR) age of the children with atypical pneumonia was 18 months (12–36) and in those with typical pneumonia it was 12 months (6–22).